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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

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Pokorny Etymon: uagh-, suagh- 'to cry, shriek, sough'

Semantic Field: to Cry, Weep

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	sweg	n.masc	sound, noise	LRC
	swegan	vb.wk	to sound, make noise	GED
	swoeg	n.masc	sound, noise	GED
	swogan, sweog, sweogon, swogen	vb.str.VII	to sough, roar, resound	LRC
Middle English:	ecco	n	echo	W7
	swoughen	vb	to sough	W7
English:	catechize	vb.trans	to teach/instruct systematically	AHD/W7
	echo	n	reflection/repetition of sound	AHD/W7
	sough	vb.intrans	to make sighing/moaning sound	AHD/W7
British English:	catechise	vb.trans	to catechize	LRC
W-Germanic
Old Saxon:	swogan	vb.wk	to sough, roar	GED
Low German:	swogen	vb.wk	to sough	GED
N-Germanic
Old Icelandic:	svagla	vb.wk	to splash	GED
	soegr	n.masc	noise	GED
E-Germanic
Gothic:	ga-swogjan	vb	to sough, sigh	W7/GED
	*swegnjan	vb.wk.I	to rejoice	GED
	swogjan	vb	to sough, groan	ASD
Italic
Latin:	echo	n.fem	sound, echo	W7
	vagio, vagire	vb	to cry, wail, whimper	GED
Late Latin:	catechizo, catechizare	vb	to catechize, receive Christian instruction	W7
Middle French:	echo	n.masc	echo	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	kaukti	vb	to howl	GED/IEW
	sugti	vb	to howl	GED/IEW
	suókti	vb	to sing	GED
	svageti	vb	to sound	GED/IEW
Latvian:	sudzêt	vb	to mourn	GED/IEW
	svadzêt	vb	to rattle	GED/IEW
Hellenic
Doric:	acha	n	noise	GED
	iachéô	vb	to cry	GED
Greek:	êchéô	vb	to ring, sound, resound	LRC
	êchê	n.fem	sound, noise, echo	GED
	êchos	n.masc	sound	LRC
	katêchéô	vb	to sound, catechize	LS

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
I	=	class 1
VII	=	class 7
fem	=	feminine (gender)
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
LS	=	Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev.
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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