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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

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Pokorny Etymon: ueg^u- : ug^u-, uk^us- 'damp, moist; to wet, sprinkle, irrigate; ox'

Semantic Fields: Wet, Damp; Water; Ox, Steer

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	oxa	n.masc	ox	W7/ASD
	ur	n.masc	urus; (name for) U-rune	ASD
Middle English:	humour	n	humor	W7
	ox	n	ox	W7
English:	aurochs	n	urus	AHD/W7
	humectant	n	substance promoting moisture retention	AHD/W7
	humid	adj	damp, re: perceptible moisture	AHD/W7
	humor	n	normal functioning body fluid/semifluid	AHD/W7
	hygro-	pfx	moisture, humidity	AHD
	ox, oxen	n.str	domestic bovine mammal(s)	AHD/W7
	urus	n	(extinct) long-horned wild ox	W7
	wake	n	track left by body moving in water	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Dutch:	os	n	ox	TLL
Old Saxon:	ohso	n	ox	IEW
Old High German:	ohso	n	ox	W7
	urohso	n	aurochs	W7
Middle High German:	ürochse	n	aurochs	CDC
German:	Auerochse	n.masc	aurochs	LRC
	Ochs	n.masc	ox	LRC
N-Germanic
Runic:	*uruz	n	urus; (name for) U-rune	LRC
Old Norse:	oxi/uxi	n.masc	ox	KNW
	vok	n	hole in ice	W7
	vokr	adj	damp	W7
Icelandic:	uxi	n	ox	ASD
Danish:	okse	n	ox	TLL
Swedish:	oxe	n	ox	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	auhsa	n	ox	ASD
Italic
Latin:	humectans, humectantis	adj/vb.ptc	moistening	W7
	humecto, humectare	vb	to moisten	W7
	humectus	vb.ptc	moist	W7
	humeo, humere	vb	to be moist	W7
	humidus	adj	moist, humid	W7
	humor	n.fem	humor, moisture	W7
	uxor, uxoris	n.fem	wife	LRC
Middle French:	humeur	n.fem	humor, fluid	W7
French:	humide	adj	damp, humid	W7
Hellenic
Greek:	ugrós	adj	wet, moist, fluid	LS

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
pfx	=	prefix
ptc	=	participle
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
KNW	=	Gerhard Köbler: Altnordisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
LS	=	Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev.
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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