The University of Texas at Austin; College of Liberal Arts

Hans C. Boas, Director :: PCL 5.556, 1 University Station S5490 :: Austin, TX 78712 :: 512-471-4566

Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 1. uei-, ueiu- : ui- 'to bend, turn, wind'

Semantic Fields: to Bend; to Turn; to Wind, Wrap

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	fiar	adj	oblique	W7
English
Old English:	sæ-war	n	seaware, seaweed	ASD
	war	n	ware	OED
	wir	n.masc	wire, metal thread	W7
	wiði(n)g	n.masc	withy	W7/ASD
	wiððe	n.fem	withe, cord, thong	W7
Middle English:	garland	n	garland	W7
	iris	n	iris	W7
	virole	n	virl, ferrule	W7
	wire	n	wire	W7
	withe	n	withe	W7
	withy	n	withy	W7
English:	exine	n	outer layer of wall of spore/pollen grain	AHD
	ferrule	n	strengthening (metal) ring/cap around shaft	AHD/W7
	garland	n	wreath, chaplet	AHD/W7
	inion	n	projecting point of occipital bone	AHD
	inosine	n	an RNA nucleoside	AHD
	inosite	n	inositol	AHD/W7
	inositol	n	crystalline stereoisomeric cyclic alcohol	AHD/W7
	inotropic	adj	affecting muscle contraction	AHD
	iridaceous	adj	re: iris plant family	AHD/W7
	iridium	n	hard brittle heavy silver-white metal	AHD/W7
	Iris	prop.n	gods' messenger (Greek mythology)	LRC
	iris	n	rainbow; flower; colored part of eye	AHD/W7
	iritis	n	eye (iris) inflammation	AHD
	seaware	n	sea wrack used like manure	AHD/W7
	vise	n	tool with jaws for holding work	AHD/W7
	viticulture	n	grape cultivation	AHD/W7
	vitta	n	oil tube in plants of carrot family	AHD/W7
	ware	n	seaware, seaweed	OED
	wire	n	metal in form of thread/slender rod	AHD/W7
	withe	n	slender flexible twig/branch	AHD/W7
	withy	n	willow	AHD/W7
	Withywindle	prop.n	river in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	wiþþe	n.fem	withe, cord, thong	ASD
North Frisian:	wier	n.neut	ware	OED
Dutch:	wier	n.neut	ware	OED
Old High German:	wiara	n	fine gold	W7
	wida	n	withy	W7
German:	Eingeweide	n	intestines	TLL
	Weide	n.fem	withy	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	veggr	n.masc	wattle wall	KNW
Icelandic:	viðja	n.fem	withe, cord, thong	ASD
	víðir	n	withy	ASD
	vírr	n.masc	wire	ASD
Danish:	væg	n	wall	TLL
Swedish:	vägg	n	indoor wall	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	baurgs-waddjus	n.masc	city wall	KGW
	inwindiþa	n.str.fem	injustice	LRC
Italic
Latin:	iris, iridis	n.fem	rainbow, iris plant	W7
	Iris	n.fem	Iris, messenger of Zeus	W7
	vieo, viere	vb	to plait	W7
	viriola	n.fem	bracelet	W7
	vitis	n.fem	vine	W7
	vitta	n.fem	fillet	W7
New Latin:	iridium	n.neut	iridium	W7
Middle French:	garlande	n.fem	garland	W7
	virole	n.fem	ferrule, bracelet	W7
	vis	n.fem	screw	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	ivairùs, ivairì	adj	various, different	LRC
Hellenic
Greek:	Îris	prop.n.fem	Iris	LS
	îris	n.fem	iris	LS
	ís	n.fem	nerve, sinew	IEW

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
prop	=	proper
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
KGW	=	Gerhard Köbler: Gotisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (1989)
KNW	=	Gerhard Köbler: Altnordisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
LS	=	Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev.
OED	=	James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

Nearby etyma: previous | next