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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 1. uendh- 'to turn, wind, wend'

Semantic Fields: to Turn; to Wind, Wrap

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	oðwindan, oðwand, oðwundon, oðwunden	vb.str.III	to escape	LRC
	wandrian	vb	to wander	W7
	wendan	vb	to wend	W7
	windan, wond, wundon, wunden	vb.str.III	to wind, twist, roll	W7/ASD
	windel	n.masc	basket	ASD
Middle English:	wand	n	wand	W7
	wandren	vb	to wander	W7
	wenden	vb	to wend	W7
	went	vb.pret/ptc	went	W7
	winden	vb	to wind	W7
	wynd(l)as	n	windlass	W7
English:	Vandal	prop.n	E Germanic tribe that sacked Rome in 455	AHD/W7
	vandal	n	one who defaces/damages/destroys property	W7
	wand	n	verge, slender rod/staff	AHD/W7
	wander	vb	to move without fixed aim/goal/course	AHD/W7
	Wandlimb	prop.n	Entwife in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	wend, went	vb.wk	to go, travel, direct one's course	AHD/W7
	wind, wound	vb.str	to turn, warp, bend	AHD/W7
	windlass	n	hoisting/hauling machine	AHD/W7
	Withywindle	prop.n	river in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	wenda	vb.trans	to wend, turn	ASD
Dutch:	ingewanden	n	intestines	TLL
	wand	n	wall	TLL
Old Saxon:	wendian	vb.trans	to wend, turn	ASD
	windan	vb.intrans	to wind, roll, plait	ASD
Old High German:	Orendil/Erentil	prop.n	medieval hero, lit. luminous wanderer	IEW
	want	n	wall	KDW
	wenten	vb	to wend, turn	W7
	wintan	vb	to wind, roll, twist	W7
Middle High German:	wandern	vb	to rove, roam, wander	W7/ASD
German:	Wand	n.fem	wall (of room)	TLL
	wandern	vb	to wander	LRC
	winden	vb	to wind	LRC
Langobardic:	Auriwandalo	prop.n	Lombardic prince, lit. luminous wanderer	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	Aurvandil	prop.n	Prose Edda hero, lit. luminous wanderer	ICE
	vandi	n.masc	habit, custom	LRC
	vinda	vb	to wind	W7
	vindass	n	windlass	W7
	vöndr	n	wand	W7
Icelandic:	venda	vb.trans	to wend, turn	ASD
	vinda	vb.intrans	to wind, twist; hurl, thrust	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	bi-windan	vb.intrans	to wrap, cover	ASD
	us-windan	vb.intrans	to punish	ASD
	wandjan	vb.trans	to wend, turn	ASD
Italic
Umbrian:	ohavendu	vb.3.sg	(let him) turn aside	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
3	=	3rd person
III	=	class 3
fem	=	feminine (gender)
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
pret	=	preterite (tense)
prop	=	proper
ptc	=	participle
sg	=	singular (number)
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
ICE	=	Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson: An Icelandic-English Dictionary (1874)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
KDW	=	Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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