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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

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Pokorny Etymon: 3b. uer-, uer-b-, and uer-bh- 'to bend, turn, warp'

Semantic Fields: to Bend; to Turn

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	wearp	n.neut	warp	W7
	weorpan	vb	to warp, throw	W7
Middle English:	verveine	n	vervain	W7
	warp	n	warp	W7
	warpen	vb	to warp	W7
English:	reverberate	vb	to force back	AHD/W7
	verbena	n	vervain (garden plant)	AHD/W7
	vervain	n	verbena (garden plant)	AHD/W7
	warp	n	yarn extended lengthwise in loom (crossed by woof)	AHD/W7
	warp	vb	to turn/twist out of shape	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	werpa	vb	to warp, cast, fling, throw	ASD
Old Saxon:	warp	n.neut	warp; thing thrown	IEW
	werpan	vb	to warp, cast, fling, throw	IEW
Old High German:	war(a)f	n.neut	warp, thread; thing thrown	IEW/ASD
	werfan	vb	to warp, cast, fling, throw	IEW
German:	werfen	vb	to throw, cast; warp	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	verpa	vb	to warp, throw, cast	LRC
Old Icelandic:	varp	n.neut	warp; thing thrown	IEW
Icelandic:	varp	n.neut	warping, casting	ASD
	verpa	vb	to warp, cast, fling, throw	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	waírpan	vb.str.III	to warp, cast, fling, throw	LRC
Italic
Latin:	reverberatus	vb.ptc	reflected, pushed away	W7
	reverbero, reverberare	vb	to reverberate, push away	W7
	verbena	n.fem	verbena: sacred bough, medicinal plant	W7
	verber	n.neut	rod	W7
	verbero, verberare	vb	to lash	W7
New Latin:	verbena	n.fem	verbena: medicinal plant	W7
Middle French:	verveine	n.fem	vervain	W7
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	rábdos	n.fem	rod, wand	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
III	=	class 3
fem	=	feminine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
ptc	=	participle
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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