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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 5. uer- 'to shut, close, cover; guard, warn, save'

Semantic Fields: to Shut, Close; to Cover; to Save, Preserve, Keep Safe

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	warnian	vb	to warn, take heed	W7
	wer	n.masc	weir, dam	W7
	werian, werede, wered	vb.wk.I	to wear; defend, protect	LRC
Middle English:	apert	adj/adv	plain, open; plainly, openly	MEV
	aperture	n	aperture	W7
	barbican	n	barbican	W7
	coveren	vb	to cover	W7
	coverlet/coverlite	n	coverlet	W7
	garette	n	garret, watchtower	W7
	garisoun	n	garrison, protection	W7
	garment	n	garment	W7
	garnishen	vb	to garnish	W7
	overt	adj	overt	W7
	overture	n	overture, opening	W7
	pert	adj	pert	W7
	warantie	n	warranty	W7
	warenne	n	warren	W7
	warnen	vb	to warn	W7
	warrant	n	warrant, protector	W7
	warranten	vb	to warrant	W7
	were	n	weir, dam	W7
English:	ambarella	n	tropical/equatorial fruit tree	AHD
	aperient	adj	laxative, re: gently moving bowels	AHD/W7
	aperitif	n	alcoholic drink taken as appetizer	AHD/W7
	aperture	n	hole, opening, open space	AHD/W7
	barbican	n	outer defensive work	AHD/W7
	cover	vb	to guard from attack	AHD/W7
	coverlet	n	bedspread	AHD/W7
	garage	n	shelter/repair shop for automobiles	AHD/W7
	garment	n	article of clothing	AHD/W7
	garnish	vb.trans	to trim, decorate, embellish	AHD/W7
	garniture	n	trimming, embellishment	AHD/W7
	garret	n	room/unfinished part of house just under roof	AHD/W7
	garrison	n	military post	AHD/W7
	guaranty	n	undertaking to remedy another's default/miscarriage	AHD/W7
	operculum	n	lid/covering flap	AHD/W7
	overt	adj	manifest, open to view	AHD/W7
	overture	n	proposal, initiative toward action/agreement	AHD/W7
	pert	adj	impudent, saucily free/forward	AHD/W7
	warn	vb	to give prior notice of evil/danger	AHD/W7
	warrant	n	sanction, authorization	AHD/W7
	warrant	vb.trans	to declare/maintain with certainty	AHD/W7
	warrantee	n	person to whom warranty is made	AHD/W7
	warranty	n	real covenant binding grantor/heirs to warrant/defend title	AHD/W7
	warren	n	place for (keeping) small game	AHD/W7
	weir	n	fence/enclosure in waterway for fishing	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	wara	n	trust, care	W7
	warnon	vb	to warn, take heed	W7
	weren	vb	to warrant	W7
	werento	n	guarantor	W7
	werien/werren	vb	to defend	W7
Middle High German:	wer	n.masc	weir, dam	ASD
German:	warnen	vb	to warn, caution	LRC
	Wehr	n.masc	weir, dam	ASD
	wehren	vb	to defend	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	ver	n.neut	sea, fishing place	W7
	verja, varði	vb	to defend, protect	LRC
Icelandic:	varna	vb	to warn, beware	ASD
Italic
Latin:	aper(a)tus	vb.ptc	opened	W7
	aperiens, aperientis	vb.pres.ptc	opening	W7
	aperio, aperire	vb	to open	W7
	apertura	n.fem	aperture, orifice	W7
	cooperio, cooperire	vb	to open	W7
	operculum	n.neut	cover	W7
	operio, operire	vb	to close, cover	W7
Vulgar Latin:	operio, operire	vb	to open	W7
	opertura	n.fem	overture; orifice	W7
Late Latin:	apertivus	n	purgative, aperitif	AHD
Medieval Latin:	aperitivus	n.masc	aperitif	W7
	barbacana	n.fem	barbican	W7
New Latin:	operculum	n.neut	covering flap of plant	W7
Old French:	aperitif	n	purgative, aperitif	AHD
	apert	vb.ptc	open(ed)	W7
	barbacane	n.fem	barbican	W7
	garantir	vb	to guarantee	W7
	garison	n.fem	garrison, troop of guardians	W7
	garnement	n.masc	equipment	W7
	garnesture	n.fem	garniture	W7
	garnir	vb	to equip	W7
Old North French:	warantie	n.fem	warranty	W7
	warant(ir)	vb	to warrant	W7
Anglo-French:	coverelyth	n.masc	coverlet	W7
Middle French:	aperitif	adj	aperient, re: opening	W7
	garantie	n.fem	guaranty	W7
	garite	n.fem	garret, watchtower	W7
	garnement	n.masc	equipment	W7
	garnir	vb	to warn, equip; garnish	W7
	garniture	n.fem	garniture	W7
	o(u)vert	adj	overt, open	W7
	ouvrir	vb	to open	W7
	overture	n.fem	overture; orifice	W7
French:	apéritif	n.masc	aperient, aperitif	W7
	couvrir	vb	to cover	W7
	garage	n.masc	garage, covered parking	W7
Old Provençal:	garida	n.fem	garret, watchtower, protection	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	varýti, vãro, vãre	vb	to be engaged	LRC
Hellenic
Greek:	erúkô	vb	to hold back	LRC
	rúomai	vb	to save	LRC
Iranian
Old Iranian:	*parivaraka-	adj	protective	AHD
Persian:	barbar	n	guard	AHD
	barbarkhana	n	barbican	AHD
Indic
Sanskrit:	amravatakah	n	ambarella	AHD
	vatah	n	enclosure	AHD

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
I	=	class 1
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pres	=	present (tense)
ptc	=	participle
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
MEV	=	J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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