The University of Texas at Austin; College of Liberal Arts

Hans C. Boas, Director :: PCL 5.556, 1 University Station S5490 :: Austin, TX 78712 :: 512-471-4566

Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 6. uer- 'to speak, talk formally'

Semantic Field: to Speak, Talk

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	word	n.neut	word, speech	LRC
Middle English:	adverbe	n	adverb	AHD
	proverbe	n	proverb	W7
	rethor	n	rhetor	W7
	verbe	n	verb	W7
	word	n	word	W7
English:	adverb	n	word modifying verb/adjective/other adverb	AHD/W7
	irony	n	pretense of ignorance to make false conceptions conspicuous	AHD/W7
	proverb	n	adage, brief popular maxim/epigram	AHD/W7
	rheme	n	expression of single idea/notion	AHD/W2I
	rhetor	n	rhetorician	AHD/W7
	rhetoric	n	art of speaking/writing effectively	W7
	rhetorical	adj	re: rhetoric	W7
	rhetorician	n	orator, master/teacher of rhetoric	W7
	verb	n	word expressing action/occurrence/mode of being	AHD/W7
	verve	n	special ability/talent	AHD/W7
	word	n	something that is said	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	word	n.neut	word	ASD
Dutch:	woord	n	word	LRC
Old Saxon:	word	n.neut	word	ASD
Old High German:	wort	n.neut	word	W7/ASD
German:	Wort	n.neut	word	LRC
N-Germanic
Icelandic:	orð	n.neut	word	ASD
Danish:	ord	n	word	LRC
Swedish:	ord	n	word	LRC
E-Germanic
Gothic:	waúrd	n.str.neut	word	LRC
Italic
Latin:	adverbium	n.neut	adverb	W7
	ironia	n.fem	irony	W7
	proverbium	n.neut	proverb	W7
	rhetorica, rhetoricae	n.fem	rhetoric	LRC
	verbum, verbi	n.neut	word	LRC
Old French:	adverbe	n	adverb	AHD
Middle French:	adverbe	n.masc	adverb	W7
	proverbe	n.masc	proverb	W7
	verbe	n.masc	speech	W7
French:	verve	n.fem	verve, eloquence, energy in public speaking	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	vardas	n.masc	name	LRC
Latvian:	apvardot, apvardoju, apvardoju	vb	to charm	LRC
	vards	n.masc	word, name	LRC
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	eírô	vb	to say, speak	LRC
	rêtêr	n	rhetor, speaker	LRC
Greek:	eiréô	vb	to say, speak	LRC
	eiron	n.masc	dissembler	W7
	eironia	n.fem	irony	W7
	rêma	n.neut	rheme, saying, that which is said/spoken	LS
	rêtorikê	n.fem	rhetoric	LRC
	rêtorikôs	adv	like rhetoricians	LRC
	rhetor	n.masc	rhetor	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
LS	=	Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev.
W2I	=	Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. (1959)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

Nearby etyma: previous | next