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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 8. uer- 'to notice, observe, attend, be aware'

Semantic Fields: to See; to Look; to Sense, Perceive; Sense

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	gewær	adj	aware	W7
	hlaford	n.masc	lord	W7
	sti(g)-weard	n.masc	steward	W7
	wær	adj	wary, aware, careful	W7
	warian, warode, warod	vb.wk.II	to guard, protect, occupy	LRC
	waru	n.fem	ware, merchandise	W7
	weard	n.masc	ward, keeper	W7
	weardian	vb	to ward	W7
Middle English:	Arctour/Arture/Arthurus	prop.n	Arcturus	CDC
	awarden	vb	to award, decide	W7
	aware/ywar/iwar(e)	adj	aware	CDC/W7
	garde	n	guard	W7
	lord/loverd	n	lord	W7
	regard	n	regard	W7
	regarden	vb	to regard	W7
	rerewarde	n	rearward	W7
	rewarden	vb	to reward	W7
	steward	n	steward	W7
	ward	n	ward	W7
	wardein	n	warden	W7
	warden	vb	to ward	W7
	warder	n	warder	W7
	warderobe	n	wardrobe	W7
	war(e)	adj	wary, careful	W7
	ware	adj	aware, careful	W7
	waren	vb	to ware; spend; guarantee	W7
English:	Arcturus	prop.n	Alpha Bootes: bright yellow-orange star	AHD
	award	vb.trans	to give by decree	AHD/W7
	aware	adj	careful, watchful	AHD/W7
	cyclorama	n	large pictorial representation encircling spectator	W7
	ephor	n	(Spartan) magistrate with power over king	AHD/W7
	guard	n	guardianship	AHD/W7
	Hayward	prop.n	friend of Merry in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	hayward	n	sheriff in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	lord	n	one having power/authority over others	AHD/W7
	Morgul-lord	prop.n	Nazgûl king in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	panorama	n	cyclorama	AHD/W7
	pylorus	n	opening from stomach into intestine	AHD/W7
	rearward	n	rear	AHD/W7
	regard	n	aspect	AHD/W7
	regard	vb	to pay attention to	AHD/W7
	revere	vb.trans	to show devotion/honor to	AHD/W7
	reward	vb.trans	to give to in return for good/evil done/received	AHD/W7
	steward	n	one employed to manage domestic concerns	AHD/W7
	ward	n	guard, act/process of guarding	AHD/W7
	ward	vb.trans	to guard, keep watch over	AHD/W7
	warden	n	keeper, guardian, one having care/charge of something	AHD/W7
	warder	n	truncheon used to signal orders	AHD/W7
	wardrobe	n	room/closet for keeping clothes	AHD/W7
	ware	n	goods, merchandise, art/craft products	AHD/W7
	ware	vb.trans	to beware of	AHD/W7
	wary	adj	marked by caution/cunning/watchful prudence	AHD/W7
	Windlord	prop.n	eagle a.k.a. Gwaihir in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Witch-lord	prop.n	Nazgûl Lord in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	wardia	vb	to ward, keep, defend	ASD
	ware	n.fem	care, observance	ASD
	waria	vb	to ware	ASD
	wera	vb	to ware; check, hinder, restrain	ASD
	were	n.fem	ware	ASD
Old Saxon:	wara	n.fem	heed, safekeeping	ASD
	ward	n.masc	ward, guardian	ASD
	wardon	vb	to ward, to have charge of	ASD
	waron	vb	to ware	ASD
	werian	vb	to ware; check, hinder, restrain	ASD
Old High German:	bi-waron	vb	to ward, protect	W7
	gi-war	adj	wary, aware, attentive	W7
	wara	n.fem	heed, care	ASD
	wart	n.masc	ward, sentry	ASD
	warta	n.fem	ward, concern	W7/ASD
	warten	vb	to ward, watch, take care	W7
	werien	vb	to ware; check, hinder, restrain	ASD
Middle High German:	gewar	adj	aware	CDC
	ware	n	ware	W7
German:	bewahren	vb	to preserve, conserve	LRC
	gewahr	adj	aware	LRC
	Ware	n.fem	ware	LRC
	Wärter	n.masc	warden	TLL
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	vara, varað	vb	to ware, expect	LRC
	varða	n.fem	cairn, marker, beacon	KNW
	varða	vb	to ward	W7
	varr	adj	wary	LRC
Icelandic:	vara	n.fem	ware	ASD
	vara	vb	to ware	ASD
	vörðr	n.masc	warden, watchman, sentinel	ASD
Swedish:	minnesvård	n	monument	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	daura-wards	n.masc	warden, watchman, sentinel	ASD
	warei	n.fem	cunning	ASD
	warjan	vb	to ware; hinder, prevent	ASD
Italic
Latin:	Arcturus	n.masc	Arcturus	W7
	ephorus	n.masc	supervisor	W7
	reveror, revereri	vb.dep	to respect with fear	W7
	vereor, vereri	vb.dep	to fear, respect	W7
Late Latin:	pylorus	n.masc	gatekeeper	W7
Spanish:	esquardar	vb	to award	CDC
Old French:	eswarde(i)r	vb	to award	CDC
	garde	n.masc	guardian	W7
	garder	vb	to guard, defend	W7
	regard	n.masc	regard, glance	W7
	regarder	vb	to regard, look at	W7
	reregarde	n.fem	rear guard	W7
Old North French:	eswarder	vb	to ward, watch	W7
	rewarder	vb	to reward, regard	W7
	wardein	vb	to ward	W7
	warder	vb	to ward	W7
	warderobe	n.fem	wardrobe	W7
Anglo-French:	awarder	vb	to award	CDC
Middle French:	garde	n.masc	guardian	W7
Italian:	sguardare	vb	to award, decide, consider, look at	CDC
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	eph-oráô	vb	to behold, look upon	LRC
	oráô/oróô	vb	to see, behold	LRC
	oûros	n	ward, watch	LRC
Greek:	Arktouros	n.masc	Arcturus, the Bear Watcher	W7
	ésoptron	n.neut	mirror	LRC
	ephoros	n.masc	ephor, supervisor	W7
	horama	n.neut	sight	W7
	horan	vb	to see	W7/AHD
	pyloros	n.masc	gatekeeper	W7
	sunoráô	vb	to comprehend	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
II	=	class 2
adj	=	adjective
dep	=	deponent
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
prop	=	proper
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
KNW	=	Gerhard Köbler: Altnordisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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