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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 1. ues- 'to live, stay overnight'

Semantic Fields: to Live, Dwell; to Stay, Wait, Remain

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	fe(i)ss	vb	to sleep	LRC
English
Old English:	wæren	vb.anom.pret.pl.subj	were (we/you/they)	W7
	wæron	vb.anom.pret.pl	(we/you/they) were	W7
	wæs, wære, wæs	vb.anom.pret.sg	was, were, was	W7
	was	vb.anom.pret.1/3.sg	(I/he) was	W7
	wes	vb.anom.2.sg.imp	be!	TLL
	wesan	vb.anom	to be	LRC
Middle English:	was	vb.anom.pret.1/3.sg	(I/he) was	W7
	were	vb.anom.pret.2.sg	(thou) were	W7
	weren	vb.anom.pret.pl	(we/you/they) were	W7
English:	astute	adj	shrewd, wily, sagacious	AHD/W7
	divan	n	hall, court, council chamber	AHD/CDC
	Vesta	prop.n	[asteroid named for] virgin hearth/fire goddess (Roman mythology)	AHD/W7
	was	vb.anom.pret.1/3.sg	[suppletive form of] be	AHD/W7
	wassail	n	(early English toast to) good health	AHD/W7
	were	vb.anom.pret.2.sg	[suppletive form of] be	AHD/W7
	were	vb.anom.pret.pl	[suppletive form of] be	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	wesa	vb.anom	to be	ASD
Middle Dutch:	wesen	vb.anom	to be	LRC
Dutch:	geweest	vb.anom.past.ptc	been	TLL
	waren	vb.anom.pret.pl	were	TLL
	was	vb.anom.pret.sg	was, were	TLL
	wezen	vb.anom	to be	LRC
Old Saxon:	wesan	vb.anom	to be	ASD
Old High German:	wesan	vb.anom	to be	ASD
German:	gewesen	vb.anom.past.ptc	been	TLL
	während	prep	during	TLL
	war, warst, war	vb.anom.pret.sg	was, were, was	LRC
	waren, wart, waren	vb.anom.pret.pl	were	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	vas, vast, vas	vb.anom.pret.sg	was, were, was	LRC
	vásum, vásuþ, vásu	vb.anom.pret.pl	were	LRC
	vesa/vera	vb.anom	to be, stay; happen, be done	LRC
Icelandic:	vera	vb.anom	to be	ASD
Danish:	var	vb.anom.pret	was, were	TLL
	varrende	vb.anom.pres.ptc	being	TLL
	vær	vb.anom.imp	be!	TLL
	være	vb.anom	to be	TLL
	vært	vb.anom.past.ptc	been	TLL
Swedish:	var	vb.anom.imp	be!	TLL
	var	vb.anom.pret.sg	was	TLL
	vara	vb.anom	to be	TLL
	varit	vb.anom.past.ptc	been	TLL
	voro	vb.anom.pret.pl	were	TLL
	værende	vb.anom.pres.ptc	being	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	was, wast, was	vb.anom.pret.sg	was, were, was	LRC
	wesu, wesuts	vb.anom.pret.du	were	LRC
	wesum, wesuþ, wesun	vb.anom.pret.pl	were	LRC
	wisan	vb.str.V	to be	LRC
Italic
Latin:	astus	n.masc	craft, cleverness	W7
	astutus	adj	astute, adroit, clever	W7
	Vesta	prop.n	Vesta	W7
Anatolian
Hittite:	hues-	vb	to live	LRC
Iranian
Old Persian:	vahanam	n	house	AHD
Avestan:	vanghaiti	vb	to stay, dwell	LRC
Indic
Sanskrit:	vásati	vb	to live, dwell	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
1	=	1st person
2	=	2nd person
3	=	3rd person
V	=	class 5
adj	=	adjective
anom	=	anomalous/indeclinable
du	=	dual (number)
imp	=	imperative (mood)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
past	=	past (tense)
pl	=	plural (number)
prep	=	preposition
pres	=	present (tense)
pret	=	preterite (tense)
prop	=	proper
ptc	=	participle
sg	=	singular (number)
str	=	strong (inflection)
subj	=	subjunctive (mood)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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