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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: ureg-, and uerg-? 'to drag, push, drive, thrust'

Semantic Fields: to Draw, Pull; to Push, Shove; to Drive

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	wræc	n.neut	wrack, misery, punishment	W7
	wræc-last	n.str.masc	path of exile, lit. misery track	LRC
	wrecan, wræc, wræcon, wrecen	vb.str.V	to wreak, drive, force	LRC
	wrecca	n.wk.masc	wretch, exile, outcast	LRC
Middle English:	rak	n	rack	W7
	wrack	n	wrack	W7
	wrecche	n	wretch	W7
	wrek	n	wreck	W7
	wreken	vb	to wreak	W7
English:	gasket	n	line/band used to lash furled sail	AHD/W7
	rack	n	high wind-driven mass of clouds	AHD/W7
	urge	vb	to demand/present/advocate earnestly/pressingly	AHD/W7
	wrack	n	ruin, destruction	AHD/W7
	wreak	vb.trans	to avenge, take vengeance	AHD/W7
	wreck	n	something cast up on land after shipwreck	AHD/W7
	wretch	n	profoundly unhappy/miserable/unfortunate person	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	wreka	vb	to drive, press	ASD
Old Saxon:	wrecan	vb	to wreak, punish	ASD
Old High German:	rehhan/rechan	vb	to wreak, punish	W7/ASD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	rek	n	wreck	W7
Icelandic:	reka	vb	to wreak, drive	ASD
Swedish:	rak	n	wreck	W7
Italic
Latin:	urgeo, urgere	vb	to urge, drive on	W7
French:	garcette	n.fem	braided whip used to punish	W7
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	vragu'	n.masc	enemy	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
V	=	class 5
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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