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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: ā̆bel-, ā̆bō̆l-, ab_el- 'apple'

Semantic Field: Apple

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Irish:	abhal/ubhal	n	apple	CDC
Gaelic:	abhal/ubhall	n	apple	ASD/CDC
Manx:	ooyl	n	apple	CDC
Breton:	aval	n	apple	CDC
Cornish:	aval	n	apple	CDC
Old Welsh:	abal	n	apple	CDC
Welsh:	afal	n	apple	CDC
English
Old English:	æp(pe)l/ap(pe)l	n.masc	apple	ASD
	æppel-ðorn	n.masc	crab-apple (tree), lit. apple-thorn	ASD
Middle English:	appel/ap(p)le	n	apple	CDC
	eppel/epple	n	apple	CDC
English:	apple	n	round, edible, usu. red/yellow pome fruit	AHD/W7
	Appledore	prop.n	Bree surname in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	dapple	n	(animal having) mottled/spotted marking	AHD
	dapple	vb	to spot, variegate with spots	AHD/CDC
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	appel	n.masc	apple	CDC
Frisian:	a(e)ple	n.masc	apple	CDC
North Frisian:	apel	n.masc	apple	CDC
Dutch:	appel	n.masc	apple	CDC
Old High German:	affal/affol/afful	n.masc	apple	CDC
	apful	n.masc	apple	W7
	aphal/aphol/aphul	n.masc	apple	CDC
Middle High German:	apfel	n.masc	apple	CDC
German:	Apfel	n.masc	apple	TLL
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	*apall	n	apple	AHD
	epli	n.neut	apple	CDC
Norwegian:	eple	n	apple	CDC
Danish:	æble	n.neut	apple	CDC
Old Swedish:	æpl	n.neut	apple	CDC
Swedish:	äp(p)le	n.neut	apple	CDC
E-Germanic
Crimean Gothic:	apel	n	apple	CGo
Italic
Latin:	Abella	prop.n	town where apple orchards originated?	CDC
Baltic
Old Prussian:	woble	n	apple	CDC
Lithuanian:	obolys/obulas	n	apple	ASD/CDC
Latvian:	ābols	n	apple	CDC
Slavic
Old Slavic:	ablŭko	n	apple	W7
Polish:	jabłko	n	apple	CDC
Czech:	jabl(k)o	n	apple	CDC
Serbian:	yabuka	n	apple	CDC
Slovenian:	yabelko/yabolka	n	apple	CDC
Old Church Slavonic:	(y)ablŭko	n	apple	CDC
Bulgarian:	(y)ablŭka	n	apple	CDC
Russian:	yabloko	n	apple	CDC
Belorussian:	yabko	n	apple	CDC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
prop	=	proper
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
CGo	=	MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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