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Indo-European Lexicon

Pokorny Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European etymon from Pokorny, with an English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principle parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear at the end. All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on corrections may be made and/or more reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: agh- 'to fear, be depressed'

Semantic Fields: Fear, Fright; Sad

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	ad-āgor	vb.1.sg	I fear	GED
	āigthiu	vb.ua.n	terror	GED
	āl	adj	fearful	GED
English
Old English:	ege	n.masc	awe; sorrow	GED
	eg(e)sa	n.masc	terror	GED
	eglan	vb	to ail, afflict	W7
	eglian	vb.wk	to grieve	GED
	ōga	n.masc	fright	GED
	ōht	n.str.fem	persecution	GED
	on-œgan	vb.wk	to fear	GED
Middle English:	awe	n	awe	W7
	eilen	vb	to ail	W7
English:	ail	vb	to give/suffer pain/unhealth	AHD/W7
	awe	n	dread; profound/reverent fear	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	agiso	n.masc	terror	GED
	āhta	n.str.fem	persecution	GED
	akī	n.fem	terror	GED
	egī	n.fem	terror	GED
	egisa	n.fem	terror	GED
	egis-līh	adj	terrible	GED
	egiso	n.masc	terror	GED
Old Saxon:	egiso	n.masc	terror	GED
Middle Low German:	achte	n.str.fem	persecution	GED
	egelen	vb	to annoy	W7
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	agi	n	awe, fright	AHD/W7
	ótti	n.masc	fear, dread	LRC
Old Icelandic:	agi	n.masc	terror	GED
	ōast	vb.wk	to be afraid	GED
	ōgn	n.fem	fright	GED
	œgishjālmr	n	fearful helmet (transformed Fafnir into dragon)	GED
	œgja	vb.wk	to frighten	GED
Norwegian:	egse	n.neut	agitation	GED
E-Germanic
Gothic:	*af-agjan	vb.wk.I	to move, frighten	GED
	*-agan	vb.ptpr.VI	to fear	GED
	agis	n.str.neut	fear, terror	GED
	*agls	adj	disgraceful	GED
	*ogan	vb.ptpr	to fear	GED
	un-agein	adv	fearlessly	GED
	usagjan	vb.wk.I	to frighten, terrify	GED
Hellenic
Greek:	ʼάχνυμαι	vb	to mourn, be troubled	GED
	ʼάχομαι	vb	to mourn, be sad	GED
	ʼάχος	n	pain, sorrow	GED
	achos	n.neut	pain	W7
	ʼάχυμαι	vb	to mourn, be sad	GED
	ʼόις	n	snake	GED
Indic
Sanskrit:	áhiṣ	n	snake	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
1	=	1st person
I	=	class 1
VI	=	class 6
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
ptpr	=	preterite-present (verb)
sg	=	singular (number)
str	=	strong (inflection)
ua	=	used as
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)