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Indo-European Lexicon

Pokorny Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European etymon from Pokorny, with an English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principle parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear at the end. All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on corrections may be made and/or more reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: agh-   'to fear, be depressed'

Semantic Fields: Fear, Fright; Sad

 

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language Reflex(es) PoS/Gram. Gloss Source(s)
Celtic  
Old Irish: ad-āgor vb.1.sg I fear GED
  āigthiu vb.ua.n terror GED
  āl adj fearful GED
English  
Old English: ege n.masc awe; sorrow GED
  eg(e)sa n.masc terror GED
  eglan vb to ail, afflict W7
  eglian vb.wk to grieve GED
  ōga n.masc fright GED
  ōht n.str.fem persecution GED
  on-œgan vb.wk to fear GED
Middle English: awe n awe W7
  eilen vb to ail W7
English: ail vb to give/suffer pain/unhealth AHD/W7
  awe n dread; profound/reverent fear AHD/W7
W-Germanic  
Old High German: agiso n.masc terror GED
  āhta n.str.fem persecution GED
  akī n.fem terror GED
  egī n.fem terror GED
  egisa n.fem terror GED
  egis-līh adj terrible GED
  egiso n.masc terror GED
Old Saxon: egiso n.masc terror GED
Middle Low German: achte n.str.fem persecution GED
  egelen vb to annoy W7
N-Germanic  
Old Norse: agi n awe, fright AHD/W7
  ótti n.masc fear, dread LRC
Old Icelandic: agi n.masc terror GED
  ōast vb.wk to be afraid GED
  ōgn n.fem fright GED
  œgishjālmr n fearful helmet (transformed Fafnir into dragon) GED
  œgja vb.wk to frighten GED
Norwegian: egse n.neut agitation GED
E-Germanic  
Gothic: *af-agjan vb.wk.I to move, frighten GED
  *-agan vb.ptpr.VI to fear GED
  agis n.str.neut fear, terror GED
  *agls adj disgraceful GED
  *ogan vb.ptpr to fear GED
  un-agein adv fearlessly GED
  usagjan vb.wk.I to frighten, terrify GED
Hellenic  
Greek: ʼάχνυμαι vb to mourn, be troubled GED
  ʼάχομαι vb to mourn, be sad GED
  ʼάχος n pain, sorrow GED
  achos n.neut pain W7
  ʼάχυμαι vb to mourn, be sad GED
  ʼόις n snake GED
Indic  
Sanskrit: áhiṣ n snake GED

 

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev. Meaning
1=1st person
I=class 1
VI=class 6
adj=adjective
adv=adverb(ial)
fem=feminine (gender)
masc=masculine (gender)
n=noun
neut=neuter (gender)
ptpr=preterite-present (verb)
sg=singular (number)
str=strong (inflection)
ua=used as
vb=verb
wk=weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code Citation
AHD=Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
GED=Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC=Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7=Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)