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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: ag^u̯(e)sī, aksī 'axe'

Semantic Field: Ax

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	acas(e)	n.fem	ax	ASD
	æces/æcs(e)	n.str.fem	ax	GED
	æ(c)x/æsc/axe	n.str.fem	ax	GED/ASD
Northumbrian:	acasa/acase	n	ax	CDC
Middle English:	ax(e)/ex/æx	n	ax	W7/CDC
English:	ax(e)	n	weapon, cutting tool	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Dutch:	akes	n	ax	CDC
Dutch:	aks(e)/aaks	n.fem	ax	ASD/CDC
Old Saxon:	ac(c)us	n.str.fem	ax	GED/CDC
Old High German:	ac(c)hus/ackus	n.str.fem	ax	GED/ASD
	akis	n.str.fem	ax	GED
Middle High German:	ackes/axt	n.fem	ax	ASD/CDC
German:	Axt	n.fem	ax, hatchet	ASD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	öx	n.fem	ax	ASD
Old Icelandic:	ax	n.str.fem	ax	GED
	øx	n.str.fem	ax	GED
Icelandic:	öx(i)	n	ax	CDC
Danish:	ökse/öxe	n	ax	ASD/CDC
Swedish:	yxa	n	ax	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	aqizi	n.fem	ax	ASD
Italic
Latin:	ascia	n.fem	ax (of carpenters/masons)	GED
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	ἀξίνη	n.fem	ax, battle-axe	GED
Anatolian
Hittite:	ates(sa)-	n	ax, adze, hatchet	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
fem	=	feminine (gender)
n	=	noun
str	=	strong (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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