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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: ā̆ier-, ā̆ien- 'day(light), morning'

Semantic Fields: Day; Light; Morning

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	ǣr	prep/adv	ere, formerly	LRC
	ǣrest	adv.sup	erst, soonest, earliest	W7
	ǣrlīce/ārlīce	adv	early	W7/ASD
	ār	adv	ere, soon, early	W7
Middle English:	ær/ar/or	prep/adv	ere, soon, early	CDC
	er(e)	prep/adv/conj	ere	W7
	erest	adj/adv.sup	erst	W7
	erly	adj/adv	early	W7
English:	early	adv	early	AHD/W7
	ere	prep/adv/conj	before	AHD/W7
	erst	adv.sup.arch	first, soonest, earliest	AHD/W7
	or	arch.prep/adv	before; early	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	ēr	adv	ere	CDC
Dutch:	eer	adv	ere	CDC
Old Saxon:	ēr	adv	ere	CDC
Old High German:	ēr/ǣr	adv	ere	ASD
	er	adv	ere, early	CDC
German:	ehe(r)	adv	ere, early	CDC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	ár	adv	ere, soon, early; long ago	LRC
E-Germanic
Gothic:	áir	adv	ere, soon, early	LRC
	airis	adv.comp	ere, sooner, earlier	CDC
Hellenic
Greek:	ēri	adv	ere, early	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
arch	=	archaic
comp	=	comparative
conj	=	conjunction
prep	=	preposition
sup	=	superlative

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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