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Indo-European Lexicon

Pokorny Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European etymon from Pokorny, with an English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principle parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear at the end. All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on corrections may be made and/or more reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: aiu̯-   'life force'

Semantic Field: to Live; Living; Life

 

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language Reflex(es) PoS/Gram. Gloss Source(s)
English  
Old English: ā adv aye, ever, always GED
  ǣfre adv ever W7/ASD
  ǣ(w) n.str.fem law, marriage GED
  ēce adj eternal, everlasting GED
  nā adv never GED
  nǣfre adv never W7
  ō adv always, aye GED
Middle English: age n age W7
  aye adv aye W7
  eternal adj eternal W7
  eterne adj eternal W7
  eternite n eternity W7
  ever adv ever W7
  nay adv nay W7
  never adv never W7
  sempiternal adv sempiternal W7
English: age n stage of life, lifetime AHD/W7
  aye adv always, forever; indeed, yes AHD/W7
  coetaneous adj coeval AHD/W7
  coeval adj of equal age AHD/W7
  eternal adj everlasting, undying AHD/W7
  eterne adj everlasting, undying AHD/W7
  eternity n endlessness of time AHD/W7
  ever adv always, forever AHD/W7
  hygiene n personal cleanliness AHD/W7
  longevity n lifespan, (long) time to live AHD/W7
  medieval adj re: the Middle Ages AHD/W7
  nay adv no AHD/W7
  never adv not once, not ever AHD/W7
  primeval adj original, earliest, most ancient AHD/W7
  sempiternal adj everlasting, eternal AHD/W7
  utopia n imaginary or ideal place AHD/W7
W-Germanic  
Old High German: ēwa n.fem law, religious decree, marriage GED
  ēwī n.fem law, religious decree, marriage GED
  ēwida n.str.fem eternity GED
  ēwīg adj eternal GED
  ēwīn n.str.fem eternity GED
  io adv always, aye GED
  neo/nio adv never GED
German: ewig adj eternal LRC
Old Saxon: ēo n.str.masc law GED
  ēu n.str.masc law GED
  ēwan adj eternal GED
  ēwīg adj eternal GED
  ēwitha n.str.fem eternity GED
Old Frisian: ē n.str.masc law GED
  ēwe n.wk.fem law GED
  ēwīg adj eternal GED
N-Germanic  
Old Norse: ei adv ever W7
  eigi adv not LRC
  nei adv nay, no W7
  samr adj same W7
  æ adv ever, always, forever LRC
Old Icelandic: ei adv always, aye GED
  lang-ǣr adj long-lived GED
  æ adv always, aye GED
  æfi n.str.fem life, age GED
  ævi n.str.fem life, age GED
E-Germanic  
Gothic: *aiws n.str.masc time, eternity; age, lifetime GED
  *ajukduþs n.fem eternity (as a feature of existence) GED
  halis-aiw adv hardly (ever) GED
Italic  
Old Latin: aeuom n.neut long time, an age GED
Latin: aetās, aetātis n.fem age, period W7
  aeternitās, aeternitātis n.fem eternity W7
  aeternus adj eternal GED
  aevum n.neut long time, an age GED/IEW
  aevus n.masc long time, an age GED/IEW
  coaevus adj coeval W7
  longaevus adj long-lived GED
  primaevus adj primeval W7
  sempiternus adj eternal W7
  vivus adj living W7
Vulgar Latin: aetaticum adj of age W7
Late Latin: aeternalis adj eternal, everlasting W7
  longaevitas n.fem longevity W7
  sempiternalis adj sempiternal, eternal W7
Old French: aage n.masc age W7
Middle French: eternal adj eternal, everlasting W7
  eterne adj eternal W7
  eternité n.fem eternity W7
French: hygiène n.fem cleanliness, healthy living W7
Hellenic  
Greek: ἀεί adv always LRC
  αἰεί adv always LRC
  αἰέν adv always GED
  αἰών n.masc life, lifetime, period of life GED
  αἰ[Ϝ]ές adv always GED
  δηναι(Ϝ)ός adj long-lived GED
  ou conj not, no W7
  hygieinos adj healthful W7
  hygiēs adj healthy W7
Indic  
Vedic: āyunā n.loc life GED
  ā́yuni n.inst life GED
Sanskrit: ā́yu- n life, life force GED
Tocharian  
Tocharian A: ăym- n spirit, life GED

 

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev. Meaning
adj=adjective
adv=adverb(ial)
conj=conjunction
fem=feminine (gender)
inst=instrumental (case)
loc=locative (case)
masc=masculine (gender)
n=noun
neut=neuter (gender)
str=strong (inflection)
wk=weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code Citation
AHD=Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD=Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
GED=Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
IEW=Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC=Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7=Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)