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Indo-European Lexicon

Pokorny Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European etymon from Pokorny, with an English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principle parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear at the end. All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on corrections may be made and/or more reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 2. ak̑-   'sharp, angular; stone'

Semantic Fields: Sharp; Stone, Rock

 

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language Reflex(es) PoS/Gram. Gloss Source(s)
Celtic  
Gaulish: Aχrotalus prop.n with high forehead GED
Old Irish: ēr adj high GED
  ochair n edge GED
English  
Old English: æces n.str.fem ax GED
  ægnan n.str.fem.pl chaff GED
  æsc n.str.fem ax GED
  æx n.str.fem ax GED
  agen n ear of grain W7
  agu n magpie GED
  ēar n.str.neut ear, icker GED
  ecg n.str.fem tip, edge GED
  egenu n.str.fem chaff GED
  egl n.str.masc splinter GED
Middle English: aglet n aglet W7
  ague n ague W7
  awn n ear of grain W7
  egge n egg W7
  eggen vb to egg (on), urge/tempt, incite/entice W7
  eglentyn adj eglantine W7
  egre adj eager W7
  selvage n selvage W7
  vinegre n vinegar W7
English: acerate adj pointed like a needle AHD/W7
  acetabulum n hipbone socket; a leech's sucker AHD/W7
  acetic adj re: vinegar, acetic acid AHD/W7
  acicula n needlelike spine/bristle/crystal AHD/W7
  acid adj sour, sharp, biting to the taste AHD/W7
  acme n highest point, peak AHD/W7
  acne n skin pore inflammation AHD/W7
  acrid adj sharp/pungent in taste/odor AHD/W7
  acrimony n harsh/biting sharpness (of words) AHD/W7
  acuity n sharpness, keenness of perception AHD/W7
  aculeate adj having a sting, prickly AHD/W7
  acumen n keenness of perception AHD/W7
  acupuncture n Chinese medical science of body puncture AHD/W7
  acute adj sharp, penetrating, severe AHD/W7
  aglet n tag of a lace-end AHD/W7
  ague n fever of heat, chills, sweating AHD/W7
  amphioxus n lancelet AHD/W7
  awn n slender bristle at end of grain-stalk AHD/W7
  carvacrol n liquid phenol used as antiseptic AHD/W7
  eager adj eager, enthusiastic AHD/W7
  ear n fruiting spike of a cereal AHD/W7
  edge n edge, cutting side or line AHD/W7
  egg vb to incite to action AHD/W7
  eglantine n sweetbrier AHD/W7
  ester n organic acid/alcohol compound AHD/W7
  exacerbate vb to excite, enflame, intensify AHD/W7
  icker n head of grain W7
  mediocre adj middling, inferior AHD/W7
  oxalis n wood sorrel AHD/W7
  oxygen n oxygen AHD/W7
  oxytone adj acutely accented on last syllable AHD/W7
  paragon n model of excellence/perfection AHD/W7
  paroxysm n convulsion, sudden onset of disease symptoms AHD/W7
  selvage n ravel-resistant fabric edge AHD/W7
  vinegar n vinegar AHD/W7
W-Germanic  
Old High German: acchus n.str.fem ax GED
  aga n magpie GED
  agana n.str.fem chaff, ear of grain GED
  ahir n.str.neut ear GED
  akis n.str.fem ax GED
  ecka n.str.fem tip, edge GED
  ehir n.str.neut ear GED
German: Äther n ether W7
  Essig n vinegar W7
  Essigäther n ethyl acetate W7
  Ester n organic acid/alcohol compound W7
Old Saxon: acus n.str.fem ax GED
  eggia n.str.fem tip, edge GED
Middle Flemish: egge n edge W7
  selvage/selvegge n ravel-resistant fabric edge W7
Frisian: eher n.str.neut ear GED
N-Germanic  
Old Norse: egg n.fem edge LRC
  eggja, eggjað vb to urge, whet LRC
  ögn n ear of grain W7
Old Icelandic: ax n.str.fem ax GED
  ax n.str.neut ear GED
  egg n.str.fem tip, edge GED
  ǫgn n.str.fem chaff GED
  øx n.str.fem ax GED
Swedish: agg n.masc prick, resentment GED
  agga vb.wk to incite, prick GED
E-Germanic  
Gothic: ahaks n tame white dove (sacrificial dove; also symbol of the Holy Spirit) GED
  ahana n.fem chaff GED
  ahs n.neut ear (of grain) GED
  aqizi n.fem ax GED
Italic  
Umbrian: ocar n mountain GED
  ukar n mountain GED
Old Latin: mediocris adj (at mid height), mediocre GED
  ocris n rocky mountain GED
Latin: aceo, acēre vb to be sour W7
  acer, acris, acre adj sharp W7
  ācer adj sharp GED
  ac-er n maple GED
  acerbus adj harsh, bitter W7
  aceris n.gen chaff GED
  acetum n.neut vinegar W7
  acidus adj sour, acidic W7
  acies, aciei n.fem line of battle LRC
  acrimonia n.fem bitterness, harshness W7
  aculeatus adj having stings W7
  aculeus n.masc a sting W7
  acumen, acuminis n.neut point W7
  acuō, acuere, acuī, acūtus vb to sharpen W7
  acus n chaff GED
  acus n.fem needle W7
  agna n.fem ear of grain GED
  ascia n.fem ax (of carpenters/masons) GED
  exacerbo, exacerbare vb to exacerbate, make worse/more bitter W7
  mediocris adj not good but not bad; halfway up a mountain W7
  ocris n.masc stony mountain W7
  oxalis n.masc wood sorrel W7
Vulgar Latin: aculentum n.neut eglantine W7
Late Latin: acicula, acucula n.fem ornamental pin W7
Medieval Latin: acuta adj.fem sharp (fever) W7
  paroxysmus n.masc sudden violent convulsion W7
New Latin: amphioxus adj sharp at both ends W7
  oxalis n.masc wood sorrel W7
Old Italian: paragonare vb to test on a touchstone W7
  paragone n.masc touchstone W7
Old French: agu adj sharp W7
  agüeté n.fem acuity W7
  aigre adj sour W7
  vinaigre n.masc vinegar W7
Middle French: acrimonie n.fem acrimony W7
  acuité n.fem acuity W7
  aguë adj acute (fever) W7
  aguille, aiguille n.fem needle W7
  aguillette, aiguillette n.fem small needle W7
  aiglent n.masc eglantine, sweetbrier W7
  médiocre adj not good but not bad W7
  paragon n.masc example, model W7
French: acétique adj acetic W7
  acide adj acidic, sour W7
  aigre adj keen, sour W7
  oxygène n.masc oxygen W7
  oxyton n.masc a word accented on the last syllable W7
  paroxysme n.masc paroxysm, climax W7
Baltic  
Old Prussian: ackons n ear of grain GED
Lithuanian: ašnìs n blade GED
  aštrùs adj sharp GED
Latvian: akrims n stone GED
Slavic  
Old Church Slavonic: ostrъ adj sharp GED
Hellenic  
Cyprian: ἀκοσ-τή n barley GED
Greek: ʼάκαινα n tip GED
  ʼάκανθα n.fem thorn LRC
  ἀκ-αχ-μένος adj pointed GED
  akē n.fem point W7
  ἀκ-μή n peak GED/IEW
  akmē n.fem point W7
  aknē n.fem eruption on the face W7
  ἀκόνη n whetstone GED
  akonē n.fem whetstone W7
  ʼάκονος n thistle GED
  ʼάκρον n.neut peak, mountain-top LRC
  ʼάκρος adj sharp GED
  ʼάκων n throwing spear GED
  ἀξῑ́νη n ax GED
  ʼόκρις n mountain peak GED
  oxynein vb to provoke W7
  oxys adj sharp W7
  oxytonos adj oxytone W7
  parakonan vb to sharpen W7
  paroxynein vb to stimulate W7
  paroxysmos n.masc irritation, exasperation, a provoking W7/LS
Anatolian  
Hittite: aku- n stone GED
  ates(sa)- n ax, adze, hatchet GED
  hekur n (tip of) rock GED
Armenian  
Armenian: asełn n needle GED
Iranian  
Avestan: ašnō n stone for sling, rock GED
Indic  
Sanskrit: aśánis n thunderbolt, tip of missile GED
  aśrá- adj sharp GED
  áśriṣ n sharp edge GED
Tocharian  
Tocharian A: āk n end GED
Tocharian B: āke n end GED

 

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev. Meaning
adj=adjective
fem=feminine (gender)
gen=genitive (case)
masc=masculine (gender)
n=noun
neut=neuter (gender)
pl=plural (number)
prop=proper
str=strong (inflection)
vb=verb
wk=weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code Citation
AHD=Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
GED=Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
IEW=Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC=Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
LS=Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th ed. (1889, rev. 2001)
W7=Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)