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Indo-European Lexicon

Pokorny Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European etymon from Pokorny, with an English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principle parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear at the end. All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on corrections may be made and/or more reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 1. al- 'beyond; other'

Semantic Fields: Stranger; Like, Similar

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	aile	adj	other	GED
	ailither	n	pilgrim	GED
	indoll	prep	beyond	W7
English
Old English:	eall	adv	all, entirely	LRC
	eallswā	adv	also, likewise	W7
	elcor	adv	otherwise	GED
	elelende	vb.past.ptc	exiled	GED
	elles	adv	otherwise	GED
	ellicor	adv	otherwise	GED
	ellor	adv	elsewhere	GED
Middle English:	adultery	n	adultery	W7
	al	adj/adv	all	W7
	albeit	adv	albeit	W7
	alien	adj	alien	W7
	all	adv	withal	W7
	alone	adj/adv	lone	W7
	also	adv	also	W7
	alteren	vb	to alter	W7
	although	adv	although	W7
	as	conj	whereas	W7
	avoutrie	n	adultery	W7
	uttraunce	n	utterance; bitter end	W7
English:	adulterate	vb	to make impure	AHD/W7
	adultery	n	sex between unmarried spouses	AHD/W7
	albeit	conj	even though	AHD/W7
	alias	adv	assumed name/identity	AHD/W7
	alibi	n	excuse of having been elsewhere	AHD/W7
	alien	adj	foreign, strange	AHD/W7
	all	adj	all, complete	AHD/W7
	allele	n	one of a genetic pair	LRC
	allelomorph	n	allele, lit. other form	AHD/W7
	alligator	n	monstrous water-dwelling reptile	AHD/W7
	allo-	pfx	other	AHD/W7
	also	adv	further, additional	AHD/W7
	alter	vb	to change	AHD/W7
	altercate	vb.intrans	to dispute, wrangle	AHD/W7
	alternate	adj	re: occurring/succeeding by turns	AHD/W7
	although	conj	even though, while	AHD/W7
	altruism	n	concern for others' interests	AHD/W7
	as	conj	so, like; while, when	AHD/W7
	else	adv	otherwise	GED
	hoopla	n	hubbub, commotion	AHD/W7
	lagniappe	n	bonus gift from merchant	AHD/W7
	lariat	n	rope with noose for catching cattle	AHD/W7
	morphallaxis	n	organic regrowth from remnant	AHD/W7
	outré	adj	bizarre, violating convention/propriety	AHD/W7
	parallax	n	skewing of form/position due to perspective	AHD/W7
	parallel	adj	lying on same plane without intersection	AHD/W7
	subaltern	adj	subordinate	AHD/W7
	ulterior	adj	further	AHD/W7
	ultimate	adj	final, furthest, greatest	AHD/W7
	ultra-	pfx	beyond, intense	AHD/W7
	utterance	n	what is said/uttered	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	al	adv/adj	all	W7
	alilante	vb.past.ptc	exiled	GED
	alles	adv	otherwise	GED
	elihhor	adv	further	GED
	elilenti	vb.past.ptc	exiled	GED
	elles	adv	otherwise	GED
	ellichōr	adv	further	GED
German:	als	conj	as, than	GED
Old Saxon:	elcor	adv	otherwise	GED
	elilende	vb.past.ptc	exiled	GED
	ellicor	adv	elsewhere	GED
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	elligar	adv	otherwise	LRC
Old Icelandic:	ella(r)	adv	otherwise	GED
	elligar	adv	otherwise	GED
	ellor	adv	otherwise	GED
E-Germanic
Gothic:	alja	conj	but	GED
	aljaleiko	adv	otherwise	GED
	*aljaleikoþs	adj/vb.ptc	allegorical, with a different meaning	GED
	aljar	adv	elsewhere	GED
	aljaþ	adv	elsewhere, to another place	GED
	aljaþro	adv	by another way	GED
	*aljis	adj	other	GED
	alls	adj	all, every	LRC
Italic
Oscan:	alttram	adj	other	GED
Latin:	adulter	adj	adulterous, unchaste	W7
	adulterium	n.neut	adultery	W7
	adulterō, adulterāre	vb	to commit adultery	W7
	alias	adv	of another time	W7
	alibi	adv	elsewhere	GED
	alienus, aliena, alienum	adj	foreign, unfitting	LRC
	aliquis, aliquis, aliquid	pron.indef	anyone	LRC
	aliter	adv	otherwise	GED
	alius	adj/pron	other	GED
	alter, altera, alterum	adj/pron	the one, the other	LRC
	alter	adj	other	GED
	altercor, altercārī	vb.dep	to dispute, wrangle	W7
	alterno, alternāre	vb	to alternate	W7
	alternus	adj	other	W7
	ille, illa, illud	dem.pron	he, she, that	LRC
	olim	adv	some day	LRC
	parallelus	adj	parallel	W7
	ullus	adj/pron	any(one)	W7
	uls	adv	beyond	W7
	ulter	adj	situated beyond	W7
	ulterior, ulterioris	adj	farther, remote	LRC
	ultimus	adj.sup	last	W7
	ultrā	adv/prep/pfx	beyond	W7
Late Latin:	subalternus	adj	subaltern	W7
	ultimo, ultimāre	vb	to be last, come to an end	W7
Medieval Latin:	alterō, alterāre	vb	to alter, change	W7
	ultimatus	adj	last, final	W7
New Latin:	morphallaxis	n.fem	change of form	W7
Old French:	alien	n.masc	stranger	W7
	autre	adj	other	W7
	autrui	adj.obl	other	W7
	outre	prep	beyond	W7
	outré	adj	passed, defeated	W7
	outrer	vb	to pass (someone)	W7
Middle French:	altérer	vb	to change, damage	W7
	avoutrie	n.fem	adultery	W7
	outrance	n.fem	what is outrageous	W7
	parallaxe	n.fem	parallax	W7
French:	altruisme	n.masc	altruism	W7
	autrui	pron	other people	W7
	houp-là	interj	hoopla	W7
	outré	adj	outraged, offended	W7
	outrer	vb	to irritate, carry to excess	W7
Spanish:	atar	vb	to tie	W7
	el	art.masc	the	W7
	reatar	vb	to tie again	W7
American Spanish:	reata	n.fem	lasso	W7
Hellenic
Greek:	ἀλλά	conj	but	GED
	allaxis	n.fem	exchange	W7
	allassein	vb	to change, exchange	W7
	ἀλλήλων	pron	one another	LRC
	ʼάλλοθι	adv	elsewhere	GED
	ʼάλλος	adj	other	GED
	ἀλλότριος	n	stranger	GED
	ʼάλλως	adv	otherwise, especially	LRC
	parallaxis	n.fem	act of changing	W7
	parallassein	vb	to change	W7
	parallēlos	adj	parallel	W7
Armenian
Classical Armenian:	ayl	conj	but	LRC
Armenian:	ail	conj	but (rather)	GED
	ayl	adj	other	GED
Iranian
Avestan:	anyadā	adv	elsewhere	GED
Indic
Sanskrit:	anyátra	adv	elsewhere	GED
	anyás	adj	other	GED
	aríḥ	n	stranger	GED
	aryás	n	hospitable lord	GED
Tocharian
Tocharian A:	alyak	adj	other	GED
Tocharian B:	alyek	adj	other	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
art	=	article
conj	=	conjunction
dem	=	demonstrative
dep	=	deponent
fem	=	feminine (gender)
indef	=	indefinite
interj	=	interjection
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
obl	=	oblique (case)
past	=	past (tense)
pfx	=	prefix
prep	=	preposition
pron	=	pronoun
ptc	=	participle
sup	=	superlative
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)