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Indo-European Lexicon

Pokorny Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European etymon from Pokorny, with an English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principle parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear at the end. All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on corrections may be made and/or more reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: ambhi 'around, at both sides'

Semantic Fields: Circle; to Wind, Wrap

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	be, bi, bī	adv/prep/pfx	by, near, at, concerning	RPN
	ymbe, ymb-	adv/prep/pfx	at, around	LRC
Middle English:	alley	n	alley	W7
	be-	pfx	(participial marker)	W7
	by	adv/prep	by, near, at	W7
	preamble	n	preamble	W7
English:	alley	n	narrow backstreet	AHD/W7
	ambi-	pfx	around, on both sides	AHD/W7
	ambsace	n	snake eyes (dice); bad luck	AHD/W7
	ambulance	n	vehicle for treating the injured	AHD/W7
	ambulate	vb.trans	to move from place to place	AHD/W7
	amphi-	pfx	around, on both sides	AHD/W7
	amphoteric	adj	substance acting as both acid and base	AHD/W7
	andante	adj	moderately slow (musical direction)	AHD/W7
	be-	pfx	(participial marker)	AHD/W7
	by	prep	by, near, at, through	AHD/W7
	funambulist	n	tightrope walker	AHD/W7
	perambulate	vb	to stroll, traverse	AHD/W7
	preamble	n	opening statement	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	bi	adv/prep	by, near, at, concerning	RPN
E-Germanic
Gothic:	bai	pron.dual	both	RPN
	bi	prep	near, at, concerning	LRC
Italic
Latin:	ambi-, amb-	pfx	around, on both sides	W7
	ambō	pron.dual	both	RPN
	ambulo, ambulāre, ambulatus	vb	to walk	W7
	amictus, amictūs	n.masc	outer garment	LRC
	-bus	dat/abl.pl	(case ending)	RPN
	funambulus	n.masc	one who walks on a rope	W7
	perambulo, perambulare, perambulatus	vb	to walk through	W7
Late Latin:	praeambulus	adj	walking in front of	W7
Medieval Latin:	preambulum	n.neut	preamble	W7
Italian:	andante	vb.ptc	going, current, moderately slow	W7
	andare	vb	to go	W7
Old French:	alee	n.fem	path, alley	W7
	aler	vb	to go	W7
	ambes	pron	both	W7
	ambsace	n.fem	the lowest throw at dice, something worthless or unlucky	W7
Middle French:	allée	n.fem	path, alley	W7
	préambule	n.masc	preamble, foreword	W7
French:	ambulance	n.fem	ambulance	W7
	ambulant	adj	walking, able to walk	W7
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	oba, obě, obě	adj	both	LRC
Hellenic
Greek:	ἀμφί, ἀμφ-	adv/prep/pfx	around, on both sides	W7
	amphoteros	pron.adj	each of two	W7
	ʼάμφω	pron.dual	both	RPN
	amphō	pron	both	W7
	-φ(ι)	loc.sfx	on both sides, around	RPN
Indic
Sanskrit:	abhí	adv/prep	to, towards	RPN
	ubhau	pron.dual	both	RPN
	-bhis	inst.pl	(case ending)	RPN
	-bhyas	dat/abl.pl	(case ending)	RPN
	-bhyām	inst/dat/abl.dual	(case ending)	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
abl	=	ablative (case)
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
dat	=	dative (case)
dual	=	dual (number)
fem	=	feminine (gender)
inst	=	instrumental (case)
loc	=	locative (case)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pfx	=	prefix
pl	=	plural (number)
prep	=	preposition
pron	=	pronoun
ptc	=	participle
sfx	=	suffix
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)