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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 4. an-, anu, anō, nō 'on, along, over there'

Semantic Field: Side

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Irish:	an(a)/ann	prep	on, in, over, along, toward	CDC
English
Old English:	an/on	adv/prep/pfx	(up)on, in, at, onto	LRC
Middle English:	an/on	adv/prep/pfx	on	W7
	ana	adv	ana	W7
English:	ana-	pfx	up, along, back	AHD/W7
	ana	adv	equal quantity of each	AHD/W7
	anschluss	n	annexation, political union	AHD
	naprapathy	n	treatment of disease by joint/muscle/ligament manipulation	AHD
	on	prep	upon, along; regarding	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	an(a)	prep	on, at, over	GED
Middle Dutch:	aen	prep	on, upon	CDC
Dutch:	aan	prep	on, upon	CDC
Old Saxon:	an(a)	prep	on, at, over	GED
Middle Low German:	an	prep	on, upon	CDC
Old High German:	an(a)	adv/prep	on, at, over	GED
Middle High German:	an(e)	prep	on, upon	CDC
German:	an	prep	on, upon	CDC
	anschliessen	vb	to lock, annex, enclose, connect	AHD
	Anschluss	n	anschluss, connection	AHD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	á	prep	on, upon; at, in; to, towards	LRC
Old Icelandic:	ā-	pfx	over	GED
Icelandic:	ā	prep	on, upon	CDC
Old Danish:	aa	prep	on, upon	CDC
Swedish:	å	prep	on, upon	CDC
E-Germanic
Gothic:	ana	prep	on, in, at, upon, over	LRC
	anaks	adv	suddenly, at once	LRC
Italic
Latin:	an-	pfx	on, to	GED
	ana-	pfx	up, back, again	W7
	anhēlo, anhēlare	vb	to puff, pant, wheeze, breathe heavily	GED/CLD
Medieval Latin:	ana	adv	ana	AHD
Baltic
Old Prussian:	na/no	prep	away from	GED
Lithuanian:	nuõ	prep	(away) from	LRC
Latvian:	no	prep	from	LRC
	nùo	prep	away from	GED
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	na	prep	on, in; at, against; for	LRC
Russian:	na	prep	on, in, over, along, toward	CDC
Hellenic
Greek:	ἀνά	adv/prep/pfx	on, up, back, along, again	LRC
	ʼάνωθεν	adv	anew, from above	LRC
Armenian
Classical Armenian:	hamberem	vb	to suffer, endure	LRC
Armenian:	am-	pfx	up	GED
Iranian
Old Persian:	anā	prep	on, over	GED
Avestan:	ana	prep	on, over	GED
Indic
Sanskrit:	anu	prep	on, in, over, along, toward	CDC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adv	=	adverb(ial)
n	=	noun
pfx	=	prefix
prep	=	preposition
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
CLD	=	Cassell's Latin Dictionary (1959, rev. 1968)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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