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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: āpero- 'shore, bank (of river)'

Semantic Field: Shore, Beach

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	ōfer/ōfor	n.masc	bank, shore; edge, border, margin	IEW/ASD
	uferian	vb	to elevate, make higher; delay, make later	ASD
	ufer(r)a	adj.comp	upper, higher; later	GED/ASD
English:	epeirogeny	n	deformation of earth's crust	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Dutch:	oever	n	bank, shore	ASD
Dutch:	oever	n	bank, shore	TLL
Middle Low German:	ōver	n	bank, shore	IEW
Old High German:	obarōn	vb	to delay, defer	ASD
	obero	adj.comp	upper, higher	ASD
	oberoro	adj.sup	utmost, highest	ASD
Middle High German:	uover	n	bank, shore	IEW
German:	Ufer	n.neut	bank, shore	IEW
N-Germanic
Icelandic:	efri	adj	upper, later	ASD
Hellenic
Doric:	ʼάπειρος	n.fem	bank, shore; land, mainland	IEW
Greek:	ʼήπειρος	n.fem	bank, shore; land, mainland	IEW

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
comp	=	comparative
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
sup	=	superlative
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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