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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: ar(ə)- 'to ear, plow'

Semantic Field: to Plow; Plow

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	airim	vb	to ear	LRC
English
Old English:	ærian, ærede, æred	vb.wk.I	to ear	LRC
	erian/erig(e)an, erede, ered	vb.wk.I	to ear	ASD
Middle English:	ærien	vb	to ear	OED
	arable	adj	arable	AHD
English:	arable	adj	plowable, tillable	AHD/W7
	ear	vb	to plow, till (the ground)	OED
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	era	vb	to ear	OED
Old Dutch:	erien	vb	to ear	OED
Old High German:	erran/erren	vb	to ear	OED
Middle High German:	er(e)n	vb	to ear	OED
Early New High German:	aren	vb	to ear	OED
German:	ären/eren	vb	to ear	ASD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	erja	vb	to ear	OED
Icelandic:	erja	vb	to ear	ASD
Swedish:	ärja	vb	to ear	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	arjan	vb	to ear	LRC
Italic
Latin:	arabilis	adj	arable	W7
	arō, arāre	vb	to ear	W7
Old French:	arable	adj	arable	AHD
Middle French:	arable	adj	arable	W7
French:	arable	adj	arable	CDC
Baltic
Lithuanian:	árti	vb	to ear	LRC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	orati	vb	to ear	LRC
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	ἀρόω	vb	to ear	LRC
Greek:	ἀρου̃ν	vb	to ear	CDC
Armenian
Armenian:	araur	n	plow	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
I	=	class 1
adj	=	adjective
n	=	noun
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
OED	=	James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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