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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 8. au̯-, au̯ēi- 'to perceive, understand, be aware of'

Semantic Fields: to Know; to Understand

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Middle English:	audience	n	audience	W7
	audit	n	audit	W7
	ob(b)eien/ob(b)eyen	vb	to obey	CDC
	oyez	vb.imp	oyez	W7
English:	aesthetic	adj	artistic, re: beauty	AHD/W7
	anesthesia	n	loss of sensation	AHD/W7
	audible	adj	(capable of being) heard	AHD/W7
	audience	n	act/state of hearing	AHD/W7
	audile	n	one whose mind favors auditory imagery	AHD/W7
	audio-	pfx	hearing	AHD/W7
	audit	n	hearing, audience	AHD/OED
	audit	vb	to verify account via scrutiny	W7
	audition	n	power/sense of hearing	AHD/W7
	auditor	n	one who hears/listens	AHD/W7
	auditorium	n	place where listeners sit	AHD/W7
	auditory	adj	re: hearing	W7
	obedient	adj	submissive to command/restraint	CDC
	obeisant	adj	respectful, submissive	CDC
	obey	vb	to harken, listen to; serve, be subject to	CDC
	oyez	vb.imp	attend! hear ye! (before court/public proclamation)	AHD/W7
	subaudition	n	act of intimating a thing expressed	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
German:	ästhetisch	adj	aesthetic	W7
	Audienz	n.fem	audience	LRC
	auditiv	adj	auditory	LRC
Italic
Latin:	audientia	n.fem	hearing, listening, attention	W7
	audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītum	vb	to hear	LRC
	auditio, auditionis	n.fem	hearing, listening	W7
	auditus, auditūs	n.masc	act of hearing	W7
	obædire/obedire	vb	to obey	CDC
	oboedio, oboedire	vb	to obey, listen to	W7
	-oedire	vb	to hear	W7
Late Latin:	audibilis	adj	audible	W7
	auditorius	adj	auditory	CDC
	obaudire	vb	to obey	CDC
	subaudio, subaudīre, subauditus	vb	to understand	W7
	subauditio, subauditionis	n.fem	understanding	W7
Middle Latin:	obedire	vb	to obey	CDC
New Latin:	aestheticus	adj	aesthetic, re: sense perception	W7
	anesthesia	n.fem	lack of feeling	W7
Portuguese:	audiencia	n	audience	CDC
	obedecer	vb	to obey	CDC
	obéir	vb	to obey	CDC
	ouvir	vb	to hear	TLL
Spanish:	audiencia	n	audience	CDC
	obedecer	vb	to obey	CDC
	oir	vb	to hear	TLL
Old French:	audience	n	audience	CDC
	obeir	vb	to obey	W7
Anglo-French:	oir	vb	to hear	W7
	oyez	vb.imp.pl	hear ye!	W7
Middle French:	audience	n.fem	audience	W7
	audition	n.fem	the act of hearing	W7
French:	audience	n	audience	CDC
	ouïr	vb.arch	to hear	TLL
Italian:	audienz(i)a	n	audience	CDC
	obbedire	vb	to obey	CDC
	udire	vb	to hear	TLL
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	aviti, avl'jǫ, aviši	vb.refl	to reveal	LRC
	javiti, jav'jǫ, javiši	vb	to appear	LRC
Hellenic
Greek:	aisthanesthai	vb	to perceive	W7
	aisthēsis	n.fem	perception	W7
	aisthētikos	adj	of sense perception	W7
	anaisthēsia	n.fem	insensibility	W7
Indic
Sanskrit:	āvis	adj	evidently	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
arch	=	archaic
fem	=	feminine (gender)
imp	=	imperative (mood)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
pfx	=	prefix
pl	=	plural (number)
refl	=	reflexive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
OED	=	James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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