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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: au̯es- 'to shine'

Semantic Field: to Shine, Glisten

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	earendel/earendil	n.masc	ray, shining light, morning star	ASD
	eást(a)	n.masc	the east	ASD
	eástan/eásten/ēsten	adv	eastward, from the east	ASD
	eást(an)/eásten	adj	east, easterly	ASD
	ēaster-mōnaþ	n.masc	April, lit. Easter-month	ASD
	ēastern(e)	adj	eastern	W7/ASD
	ēastre	n.neut	Easter	W7/ASD
	ēast-we(a)rd	adv	eastward	ASD
Middle English:	aureat	adj	aureate	W7
	aureole	n	heavenly crown worn by saints	W7
	aurora	n	aurora: dawn	AHD
	est	n	east	W7
	estern/easter	adj	eastern	W7
	estre	n	Easter	W7
	orfrey	n	orphrey	W7
	oriflamble	n	oriflamme	W7
	orpiment	n	orpiment	W7
English:	Astron	prop.n	Shire calendar's April in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	aureate	adj	of golden color/brilliance	AHD/W7
	aureole	n	nimbus, sacred radiant light (in art)	AHD/W7
	auric	adj	re: gold (esp. when trivalent)	AHD/W7
	auriferous	adj	gold-bearing	AHD/W7
	aurora	n	dawn; arches/streamers of light in night sky	LRC
	dariole	n	small cooking mold	AHD
	dory	n	small flat-bottomed fishing boat	AHD/CDC
	Eärendil	prop.n	morning/evening star in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	east	adv/adj	eastward; re: the east	W7
	east	n	general direction of sunrise	AHD/W7
	Eastemnet	prop.n	eastern Rohan in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Easter	prop.n	Christian feast commemorating Christ's Resurrection	LRC
	Easterlings	prop.n.pl	Gondor enemies in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	eastern	adj	re: the east	AHD/W7
	Eastfarthing	prop.n	Shire quadrant in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Eastfold	prop.n	Rohan district in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Eastlands	prop.n	Easterling lands in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	eastward	adv	to/toward the east
	eo-	pfx	oldest, earliest	AHD/W7
	Eos	prop.n	goddess of dawn (Greek mythology)	LRC
	eosin	n	red fluorescent dye	AHD/W7
	moidore	n	former Brazilian/Portuguese gold coin	AHD
	or	n	heraldic gold/yellow color	AHD/W7
	oriflamme	n	inspirational banner/symbol	AHD/W7
	oriole	n	Old World passerine bird	AHD/W7
	ormolu	n	brass resembling gold, lit. ground gold	AHD/W7
	oroide	n	alloy resembling gold used in cheap jewelry	AHD/W7
	orphrey	n	elaborate embroidery	AHD/W7
	orpiment	n	orange/yellow arsenic trisulfide (used as pigment)	AHD/W7
	ostmark	n	E German monetary unit	AHD
	Ostrogoth	prop.n	eastern Goth	LRC
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	aesta/āsta	adv	east	CDC
Frisian:	āsta	adv	east	CDC
Dutch:	oost	adv	east	CDC
	oosten	n	east	TLL
Old Saxon:	ōstan/ōstana	adv	east	CDC
Middle Low German:	osten(e)	adv	east	CDC
Old High German:	Orendil/Erentil	prop.n	medieval hero, lit. luminous wanderer	IEW
	ōstana	adv	east	CDC
	ōstar	adv	to the east	W7
	ōstarun	n.pl	Easter	W7
	ōstrōni	adj	eastern	W7
Middle High German:	ōsten(e)	adv	east	CDC
German:	osten	adv	east	CDC
	Ostern	n.fem	Easter	LRC
Langobardic:	Auriwandalo	prop.n	Lombardic prince, lit. luminous wanderer	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	Aurvandil	prop.n	Prose Edda hero, lit. luminous wanderer	ICE
	austan	adv	east	LRC
	austmaðr	n.masc	Easterner, Norwegian	LRC
	Austri	prop.n.masc	East	LRC
Icelandic:	austr	adv	east	CDC
Danish:	öst(er)	adv	east	CDC
Swedish:	öster	adv	east	CDC
Italic
Latin:	aureolus, aureola, aureolum	adj.dim	golden, aureate	W7
	aureus, aurea, aureum	adj	golden, aureate	LRC
	aurifer	adj	producing gold	W7
	auripigmentum	n.neut	orpiment	W7
	Aurora	prop.n.fem	goddess of dawn	W7
	aurora	n.fem	dawn	W7
	aurum	n.neut	gold	W7
	Phrygius	adj	Phrygian	W7
	pigmentum	n.neut	paint, colors to paint with	W7
Late Latin:	aureatus	adj	aureate, adorned with gold	CDC
	Ostrogothi	n.masc.pl	the Ostrogoths	W7
Medieval Latin:	aureatus	adj	decorated with gold	W7
	aureola	n.fem	aureole	W7
	aurifrigium	n.neut	orphrey	W7
Portuguese:	este	adv	east	CDC
	ouro	n	gold	TLL
Spanish:	este	adv	east	CDC
	oro	n	gold	TLL
Old French:	(h)est	adv	east	CDC
Middle French:	or	n.masc	gold	W7
	orfreis	n.fem	orphrey, a bird of prey	W7
	oriflamble	n.masc	oriflamme, red banner	W7
	orpiment	n.masc	an herb	W7
French:	or	n	gold	TLL
	oriol	n.masc	oriole	W7
Italian:	oro	n	gold	TLL
Baltic
Lithuanian:	auksas	n.masc	gold	W7
	auszra	n	dawn	CDC
	auszta	n	the morning star	CDC
	auszti	vb	to dawn	CDC
Latvian:	aust	n	dawn	CDC
	austrums	n.masc	east	LRC
Hellenic
Doric:	ἀώς	n.fem	dawn, morning	CDC
Laconian:	ἀβώρ	n.fem	dawn, morning	CDC
Aeolic:	αʼύως	n.fem	dawn, morning	CDC
Homeric Greek:	ἠώς	n.fem	dawn, daybreak, morning	LRC
Attic:	εγ̓̀ως	n.fem	dawn, morning	CDC
Greek:	ʼΗώς	prop.n.fem	Eos	LRC
Iranian
Avestan:	ushā	n	dawn	LRC
Indic
Sanskrit:	uṣās	n	dawn	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
dim	=	diminutive
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pfx	=	prefix
pl	=	plural (number)
prop	=	proper
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
ICE	=	Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson: An Icelandic-English Dictionary (1874)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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