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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: bend-, bṇd-no- 'spike, needle, tip jutting out'

Semantic Fields: Sharp; Branch; Needle; Nail, Peg

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	fald	n	fold	W7
	penn	n.masc	pen	W7/ASD
	pintel	n	penis	AHD
	pund	n.neut	pound	W7/ASD
	pundfald	n	pinfold	W7
Middle English:	pen	n	pen	W7
	pinfold	n	pinfold	W7
	pintel	n	penis, pintle	W7
	pond	n	pond, pound	CDC
	ponde	n	(artificially confined) pond	W7
	pound(e)	n	pound	W7
English:	impound	vb	to confine, enclose in pound	AHD/W7
	pen, pent	vb.wk.trans	to shut/enclose in pen	W7
	pen	n	small pound	AHD/W7
	pinfold	n	pound, place of restraint	AHD/W7
	pintle	n	pivot pin on which other part turns	AHD/W7
	pond	n	body of water smaller than lake	AHD/W7
	pound	n	enclosure for animals	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	pund	n	pound	ASD
Old Low German:	punt	n	pound	ASD
Middle Low German:	pint	n	penis	W7
Old High German:	pfunt	n	pound	ASD
N-Germanic
Icelandic:	pund	n	pound	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	pund	n	pound	ASD

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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