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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: bhāg̑hú-s 'elbow, forearm'

Semantic Fields: Elbow; Arm

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	bōg/bōh	n.masc	bough; arm, shoulder	W7/CDC/ASD
Middle English:	bo(u)gh/bowe/boz(e)	n	bough	CDC
	bouline/bowelyne	n	bowline	CDC
	bouspret	n	bowsprit	W7
English:	bough	n	tree branch	AHD/W7
	bow	n	forward part of ship	AHD/W7
	bowline	n	rope used to keep weather edge of square sail taut forward	AHD/W7
	bowsprit	n	spar projecting forward from ship's stem	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Middle Dutch:	boech	n	bow	CDC
Dutch:	boeg	n.masc	bow	CDC/ASD
	boeglijn	n	bowline	CDC
	boegspriet	n	bowsprit	CDC
Middle Low German:	bōch/būch	n	bow; shoulder	CDC
	bōchsprēt	n	bowsprit	W7
Low German:	boogspret	n	bowsprit	CDC
Old High German:	buog	n.masc	hip, shoulder, upper part of leg/arm	CDC/ASD
Middle High German:	buoc	n.masc	shoulder, withers (of horse)	CDC/ASD
German:	Boleine	n	bowline	CDC
	Bug	n.masc	bow; shoulder, withers	CDC
	Bugspriet	n.neut	bowsprit	CDC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	bœgr	n.masc	shoulder	LRC
Icelandic:	bōglīna	n	bowline	CDC
	bōgr	n	bow; shoulder	CDC
Norwegian:	bog	n	bow; shoulder	CDC
	boglina	n	bowline	CDC
	bogspryt	n	bowsprit	CDC
Danish:	boug/bov	n	bow; shoulder	CDC
	b(o)ugline/bovline	n	bowline	CDC
	b(o)ugspryd/bovspröd	n	bowsprit	CDC
Swedish:	armbåge	n	elbow	TLL
	bog	n.masc	bow; shoulder	CDC/ASD
	boglina/bolin	n	bowline	CDC
	bogspröt	n	bowsprit	CDC
Italic
Old French:	bo(e)line	n	bowline	CDC
French:	bouline	n	bowline	CDC
Hellenic
Greek:	πη̃χυς	n.masc	forearm	CDC
Indic
Sanskrit:	bāhu	n	arm, forearm	CDC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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