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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 2. bhē̆, bhō̆ (emphatic particle)

Semantic Field: Word

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
W-Germanic
Old Saxon:	neƀa	conj	if not	GED
Old High German:	iba	n.str.fem	condition	GED
	ibu	conj	if	GED
	nibu	conj	if not	GED
E-Germanic
Gothic:	ba	conj.enc.pcl	if, even though	GED
	ibái	conj	lest, that not	GED
	ibai	int.pcl	whether, possibly	GED
	jabái	conj	if, even if, although	GED
	niba/nibái	conj	unless, except, if not	GED
Baltic
Lithuanian:	ba	adv	for, yes	GED/IEW
	bà	adv	indeed	GED
	bè	prep	before, without	LRC
	beĩ	conj	and	LRC
Latvian:	ba	adv	indeed	GED
Slavic
Polish:	ba	adv	indeed	GED
Czech:	ba	adv	indeed	GED
Old Church Slavonic:	bo	adv	then	GED
	bo	conj/prep	for	GED
Hellenic
Greek:	μέσφα	adv	until	GED
	φή	adv	as	GED
Armenian
Armenian:	ba(y)	interj.pcl	[emphatic]	GED
Iranian
Avestan:	bā	adv	truly, indeed	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adv	=	adverb(ial)
conj	=	conjunction
enc	=	enclitic
fem	=	feminine (gender)
int	=	interrogative (mood)
interj	=	interjection
n	=	noun
pcl	=	particle
prep	=	preposition
str	=	strong (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin

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