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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 6. bhel- 'to speak, bell, bellow, resound'

Semantic Fields: to Speak, Talk; Loud; Sound (n)

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	bealcian/bælcian	vb	to belch	W7/CDC
	bellan	vb	to bell, bellow	W7
	bylgean/bylgian	vb	to bellow	CDC/W7
Middle English:	baulen/bawlen	vb	to bawl, bark	W7/CDC
	belchen/belken	vb	to belch	W7
	belle	n	bell	W7
	bellen	vb	to bell	W7
	bel(le)wen/belowen	vb	to bellow	CDC
English:	bawl	vb	to yell, cry out loudly/unrestrained	AHD/W7
	belch	vb	to expel gas from stomach through mouth	AHD/W7
	bell	n	hollow metallic device that rings/vibrates when stuck	AHD/W7
	bell	vb.intrans	to make resonant baying/bellowing sound	AHD/W7
	bellow	vb	to roar with deep sound (like a bull)	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Dutch:	bel	n	bell	TLL
Old High German:	bellan	vb	to bellow	W7
German:	bailen	vb	to bawl, bark	CDC
	bellen	vb	to bellow	ASD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	belja	vb	to bellow	ASD
	bjalla	n.fem	bell	LRC
Icelandic:	baula	n	cow	CDC
	baula	vb	to bawl/bellow	CDC
Swedish:	böla	vb	to bawl/bellow	CDC/ASD
	båla	vb	to roar	CDC
Italic
Latin:	baubari	vb.dep	to bawl, bark	CDC
Middle Latin:	baulo, baulare	vb	to bawl, bark	CDC
Baltic
Lithuanian:	bal̃sas	n.masc	voice	LRC
	bylóti, bylója, bylójo	vb	to say	LRC
Indic
Sanskrit:	bhāsate	vb	to talk	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
dep	=	deponent
fem	=	feminine (gender)
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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