The University of Texas at Austin; College of Liberal Arts

Hans C. Boas, Director :: PCL 5.556, 1 University Station S5490 :: Austin, TX 78712 :: 512-471-4566

Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: bheld- 'to hit, poke'

Semantic Field: to Hit, Strike, Beat

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	bolt	n.masc	bolt: arrow	AHD
Middle English:	bolt	n	bolt	W7
	bolten/bulten	vb	to bolt	CDC
English:	bolt	n	wood/metal locking bar/pin	AHD
	bolt	n	large crossbow/catapult arrow	AHD/W7
	bolt	vb.intrans	to dart, start/move suddenly	W7
	bolt	vb.trans	to fasten/secure with bolt(s)	W2I
Scots English:	bou(l)t/bowt	vb	to bolt	CDC
W-Germanic
Middle Dutch:	bolt	n	bolt: arrow	CDC
Dutch:	bout	n.masc	bolt	CDC/ASD
Middle Low German:	bolte(n)	n	bolt, fetter, roll of linen	CDC
Low German:	bolte	n	bolt, fetter, roll of linen	CDC
Old High German:	bolz	n	bolt	CDC
Middle High German:	bolz	n.masc	bolt: arrow	ASD
	bulzen	vb	to bolt: go off like arrow	CDC
German:	Bolz(en)	n.masc	bolt: arrow	ASD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	bolti	n.masc	bolt: arrow	ASD
Icelandic:	bolti	n	bolt: pin, roll of linen	CDC
Danish:	bolt	n	bolt: pin, band	CDC
Baltic
Lithuanian:	beldėti	vb	to beat	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W2I	=	Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. (1959)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

Nearby etyma: previous | next