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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: bheredh-, bhṛdho- 'to cut; board'

Semantic Fields: to Cut; Board

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Irish:	bord	n.masc	board	ASD
Gaelic:	bord	n	board	CDC
Cornish:	bord	n.fem	board	ASD
Welsh:	bord/bwrdh	n	board	ASD
English
Old English:	bord	n.str.neut	board; shield, table; ship's side	GED
	bred	n.str.neut	board	GED/RPN
	fōt-bred	n.neut	stirrup, lit. foot-board	GED
	stēor-bord	n	starboard, lit. steer(ing)-board	W7
Middle English:	bord(e)/boord	n	board; table; ship's side	W7/MEV/CDC
	bordel	n	bordel	W7
	bord(e)ure/border	n	border	W7/CDC
	sterbord	n	starboard	W7
English:	board	n	plank, piece of sawed lumber; edge, border	AHD/W7
	bordel	n	brothel	W7
	bordello	n	bordel	AHD/W7
	border	n	outer part/edge/boundary	AHD/W7
	border	vb	to create/lie on border	W7
	forficate	adj	forked, branched, bifurcate	AHD
	smorgasbord	n	luncheon/dinner buffet offering variety of foods	AHD/W7
	starboard	n	right side of ship (looking forward)	AHD/W7
Scots English:	bordour	n	border	CDC
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	bord	n.str.neut	board	GED/RPN
Frisian:	bo(e)rd	n.masc	board	ASD
Old Dutch:	bred	n.neut	board	ASD
Middle Dutch:	bert	n.str.neut	board	GED
Dutch:	berd	n.neut	board	ASD
	bo(o)rd	n.masc	board	ASD
	stuur-boord	n	starboard, lit. steer(ing)-board	ASD
Old Saxon:	bord	n.str.masc	board	GED/RPN
	bred	n.str.neut	board	GED/RPN
Middle Low German:	bort	n.str.neut	board; table	GED
	bret	n.str.neut	board	GED
Low German:	boord	n	board	CDC
Old High German:	bort(i)/borto	n.str.masc	board; ship's side	W7/ASD
	bret	n.str.neut	board, plank	GED/RPN
	britir	n.fem	lattice	GED
Middle High German:	bort	n	board	ASD
	brët	n.neut	board	ASD
German:	Bord	n	board	ASD
	Bordüre	n.fem	border	LRC
	Bret(t)	n.neut	board	ASD
	Pritsche	n.fem	iron/plank bed	GED
N-Germanic
Old Icelandic:	borð	n.str.neut	board, plank	GED/RPN
	fōt-borð	n.str.neut	lit. foot-board	GED
Icelandic:	borð	n.neut	board	ASD
	stjórn-borði	n	starboard, lit. steer(ing)-board	ASD
Danish:	bord	n.neut	board	ASD
	brædt	n	board	CDC
	styr-bord	n	starboard	ASD
Swedish:	bord	n.masc	board; table	W7/ASD
	bräde	n	board	CDC
	smörgåsbord	n	large mixed hors d'oeuvre	W7/SEO
	styr-bord	n	starboard	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	baurd	n.neut	board	CDC
	fotu-baurd	n.neut	footstool, lit. foot-board	GED
Italic
Latin:	forfex, forficis	n.fem	shears, scissors	AHD
Middle Latin:	bordatura	n	edge, border	CDC
	bordus	n	board	ASD
Portuguese:	borda	n	edge, side, border	CDC
	bordadura	n	border	CDC
	bordar	vb	to edge, border	CDC
	bordo	n	board	CDC
Old Spanish:	borda	n	board	CDC
Spanish:	bordadura	n	border	CDC
	bordar	vb	to edge, border	CDC
	bordo	n.masc	board	ASD
Old French:	borde	n.masc	hut	W7
	bordel	n.masc	bordel	W7
	border	vb	to border	W7
	bord(e)ure	n.fem	border	W7/CDC
Middle French:	bordel	n	bordel	W7
French:	bord	n.masc	board	ASD
	border	vb	to edge, border	CDC
	bordure	n	border	CDC
Provençal:	bordadura	n	border	CDC
	bordar	vb	to edge, border	CDC
Italian:	bordare	vb	to edge, border	CDC
	bordatura	n	border	CDC
	bordello	n.masc	bordello; uproar	W7/CID
	bordo	n.masc	board	ASD
Hellenic
Greek:	πέρθω	vb	to sack, destroy	GED
Indic
Sanskrit:	bardhaka	n.masc/adj	carpenter; cut off	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
CID	=	Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
MEV	=	J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922)
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
SEO	=	Norstedts Stora Svensk-Engelska Ordbok, 3rd ed. (2000)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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