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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 3. bheug-, bheugh- 'to bow, flex, bend, crook'

Semantic Field: to Bend

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	bocc	adj	soft	W7
Irish:	bog	adj	soft, moist, tender	CDC
	bogach	n	bog, moor, morass	CDC
Scots Gaelic:	bog	adj	soft, moist, tender	CDC
	bogan	n	bog, morass, quagmire	CDC
English
Old English:	bē(a)g/bē(a)h/bǣh	n.masc	bee, crown, garland, collar, bracelet	W7/ASD
	bōg	n	bough	W7
	boga	n.masc	bow: arch	W7/ASD
	būgan, bēah, bugon, bogen	vb	to bow: submit	W7/ASD
	būhsum	adj	buxom	W7
	bȳgan/bīg(e)an/bēgan	vb.wk.trans	to bow: bend, flex, curve	CDC
	byht	n.masc	bight	W7/ASD
	forbūgan, forbēah, forbugon, forbogen	vb.str.II	to flee from	LRC
	regn-boga	n.masc	rainbow	ASD
	stān-boga	n.masc	arch, bridge, lit. stone-bow	ASD
Middle English:	beghe/byghe/by(e)/bie/beh	n	bee	W7/MEV/CDC
	beyen/beien	vb	to bow: bend, flex, curve	OED
	bight/bycht/byzt	n	bight	W7/CDC
	bogge	n	bog	CDC
	boghe/boze	n	bow: submission	CDC
	bowe	n	bow: arch	W7
	bowen	vb	to bow	W7
	buxsum	adj	buxom	W7
English:	akimbo	adj/adv	with hand on hip and elbow turned outward	AHD/W7
	bagel	n	hard doughnut-shaped roll	AHD/W7
	bee	n.obs	metal ring/torque	OED
	bight	n	bend, angle, corner	AHD/W7
	bog	n	marsh, wet spongy ground	AHD/W7
	bow	n	arch, bend, something bent/curved	AHD/W7
	bow	n	submission, bending of head/body	W7
	bow	vb	to yield, defer, submit	AHD/W7
	bow	vb	to flex, bend into curve	AHD/W7
	buxom	adj	yielding, tractable, obedient	AHD/W7
	rainbow	n	rain/mist/spray reflecting/refracting sun's rays in colored arc	TLL
	Stonebows	prop.n.pl	a.k.a. Brandywine Bridge in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	boga	n.masc	bow: arch	ASD
Frisian:	boage	n	bow: arch	ASD
Middle Dutch:	būghen	vb	to bow: submit	OED
Dutch:	bocht	n	bight	CDC
	bogt	n.fem	bight	ASD
	boog	n.masc	bow: arch	ASD
	buigen	vb	to bow: submit	OED
	regenboog	n	rainbow	TLL
Old Saxon:	bāg	n	bee	CDC
	bōg	n.masc	bee	ASD
	bogo	n.masc	bow: arch	ASD
	*būgan	vb	to bow: submit	CDC/OED
Middle Low German:	boge	n	bow: arch	CDC
	būgen	vb	to bow: submit	OED
Old High German:	biogan	vb	to bow: submit	W7/OED
	bogo	n.masc	bow: arch	ASD
	boug/bouc	n	bee	W7/CDC
	pouc	n.masc	bee	ASD
Middle High German:	biegen	vb	to bow: bend, flex, curve	OED
	boge	n.masc	bow: arch	ASD
	bouc	n.masc	bee	ASD
	*böugel	n.dim	little ring	AHD
German:	beugen	vb	to bow: submit	LRC
	biegen	vb	to bow: bend, flex, curve	LRC
	Boge(n)	n.masc	bow: arch	ASD
	Bucht	n.fem	bight	ASD
	Bügel	n	hoop, handle	LRC
	Regenbogen	n	rainbow	TLL
Yiddish:	beygel	n	bagel	W7
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	baugr	n.masc	bee	ASD
	*bjúga	vb	to bow: submit	OED
	bōgr	n	bow: arch	W7
Icelandic:	baugr	n	bee	CDC
	bogi	n.masc	bow: arch	ASD
	buga	vb.wk	to bow: submit	CDC
	bygð	n.fem	bight	ASD
	stein-bogi	n	stone arch	ASD
Danish:	bue	n	bow: arch	ASD
	bugt	n.masc/fem	bight	ASD
	regnbue	n	rainbow	TLL
Old Swedish:	boghi	n	bow: arch	CDC
Swedish:	buga	vb.wk	to bow: submit	CDC
	bugt	n.masc	bight	ASD
	båge	n.masc	bow: arch	ASD
	regnbåge	n	rainbow	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	biugan	vb	to bow: submit	OED
	bugjan	vb.wk.I	to buy	LRC
Crimean Gothic:	boga	n	bow: arch	CGo
Indic
Sanskrit:	bhujati	vb	to bend	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
I	=	class 1
II	=	class 2
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
dim	=	diminutive
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
obs	=	obsolete
pl	=	plural (number)
prop	=	proper
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
CGo	=	MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
MEV	=	J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922)
OED	=	James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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