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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: bhlendh- 'dim, pale, blond, reddish'

Semantic Fields: Yellow; Red

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	blandan/blondan, blēond, blēondon, blanden	vb.str	to blend	GED/RPN/ASD
	blendan	vb.wk	to blind, deceive	GED/RPN
	blind	adj	blind	RPN
	blonden-feax	adj	having gray/mixed-colored hair	RPN
	liþblandus	adj	thick (re: soup)	W7
Middle English:	blenden	vb	to blend	W7
	blenden	vb	to blind	W7
	blind/blynd(e)	adj	blind, deluded	W7/MEV/CDC
	blind	n	blindfold	W7
	blinden	vb	to (become) blind, deceive	CDC
	blindfelden/blin(d)fellen/blyndfellen	vb	to blindfold, strike blind	W7/CDC
	blondren/blunderen	vb	to blunder	CDC
	blunder	n	blunder, trouble	MEV
	blundren	vb.wk	to blunder, confuse, stir up	GED/RPN
English:	blend, blent	vb.wk	to mix	AHD/W7
	blende	n	sphalerite	AHD/W7
	blind	adj	sightless, unable to see	AHD/W7
	blind	n	shade, screen, shutter	W7
	blind	vb	to make/strike blind	LRC
	blindfold	vb.trans	to cover eyes with scarf/bandage	AHD/W7
	blond(e)	adj	flaxen/golden/pale-brown in color	W7/IEW
	blunder	n	mistake, confusion	MEV
	blunder	vb	to make mistake, move confusedly	GED
	purblind	adj	wholly blind	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	blenda/blinda	vb.wk	to blind	GED/ASD
	blenda	vb.wk	to blend	GED
	blind	adj	blind	GED
Old Dutch:	blind	adj	blind	ASD
Dutch:	blind	adj	blind	ASD
	blinden	vb	to blind	ASD
	blond	adj/n	blond	CDC
Old Saxon:	blandan	vb.str	to blend	GED
	blind	adj	blind	GED
Middle Low German:	blenden	vb.wk	to blind	GED
Old High German:	blandan/blantan	vb.str	to blend	ASD/GED/RPN
	blenten/blentjan	vb	to blind	W7/ASD
	blenten	vb.wk	to blend	GED
	blinden	vb	to become blind	CDC
	blint	adj	blind	GED
	plenten	vb.wk	to blind	GED
Middle High German:	blanden	vb	to blend	CDC
	blenden	vb	to blind	ASD
	blint	adj	blind	ASD
	blunt	adj	blond, fair-haired	IEW
German:	Blende	n.fem	blind; blende	W7/CDC
	blenden	vb	to blind	W7
	blind	adj	blind	ASD
	blond	adj	blond	IEW
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	blanda, blett, blandað	vb.str	to blend	LRC
	blindr	adj	blind	LRC
Old Icelandic:	blanda	vb.str	to blend	GED
	blinda	vb	to blind	RPN
	blindr	adj	blind	GED
	blunda	vb.wk	to sleep, close one's eyes	GED/RPN
	blundr	n	dozing, slumber	RPN
Icelandic:	blanda	vb	to blend	CDC
	blinda	vb	to blind	ASD
	blindr	adj	blind	ASD
	blunda	vb	to doze	CDC
	blunðr	n	nap, doze	CDC
Danish:	blande	vb	to blend	CDC
	blind	adj	blind	ASD
	blinde	vb	to blind	CDC
	blond	adj/n	blond	CDC
	blund	n	nap, doze	CDC
	blunde	vb	to doze, slumber	CDC
	for-blinde	vb	to blind	ASD
Swedish:	blanda	vb.str	to blend	ASD
	blind	adj	blind	ASD
	blund	n	nap, doze	CDC
	blunda	vb	to doze, slumber	CDC
	för-blinda	vb	to blind	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	*af-blindnan	vb	to become blind	GED
	blandan	vb.str.III	to blend; associate with	GED/RPN
	blinds	adj	blind	RPN
	*ga-blindjan	vb.wk.I	to make blind	GED
Italic
Middle Latin:	blundus/blondus	adj/n	blond	CDC
Medieval Latin:	blundus/blondos	adj/n	blond, yellow	IEW/RPN
Spanish:	blondo	n/adj	blond	RPN
Old French:	blond(e)	n/adj	blond, light-colored	ODE
French:	blond(e)	adj/n	blond, fair-haired (one)	IEW/RPN
Old Provençal:	blon	n/adj	blond	RPN
Italian:	biondo	adj/n	blond, fair-haired (one)	IEW/RPN
Baltic
Lithuanian:	blandùs	adj	cloudy, impure, unclean	GED/RPN
	blendzas	adj	blind	CDC
	blendžiù, blę̃sti	vb	to become dark	RPN
	blę̃sti	vb	to blend food with flour	GED
	blę̃stis	vb	to become dark	GED/RPN
Latvian:	blenst	adj	dim	CDC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	bledŭ	adj	dim, pale	CDC
	blędą, blęsti	vb	to err	GED
	blędǫ, blęsti	vb	to go blindly	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
I	=	class 1
III	=	class 3
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
n	=	noun
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
MEV	=	J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922)
ODE	=	C.T. Onions: The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology (1966)
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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