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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: bhrenk-, bhronk- 'to bring'

Semantic Field: to Break

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Middle Breton:	ham-bronc	vb.fut	will lead	GED
Middle Cornish:	hem-bronk	vb.fut	will lead	GED
Welsh:	he-brwng	vb	to bring, lead	GED
English
Old English:	brengan	vb.wk	to bring	GED
	bringan	vb	to bring	GED
Middle English:	bringen	vb	to bring	W7
English:	bring, brought	vb.str	to lead/carry/cause to come toward (place of reference)	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	brenga/branga	vb.wk	to bring	GED/ASD
	bringa, brochte	vb.wk	to bring	GED
Frisian:	bringe	vb	to bring	ASD
Middle Dutch:	brenghen	vb.wk	to bring	GED
Dutch:	brengen	vb	to bring	ASD
Old Saxon:	brengian/bringan	vb.wk	to bring	GED/ASD
Old High German:	bringan, brāhta	vb.wk	to bring	GED
Middle High German:	bringen	vb	to bring	ASD
German:	bringen	vb	to bring	ASD
N-Germanic
Danish:	bringe	vb	to bring	GED
Swedish:	bringa	vb	to bring	GED
E-Germanic
Gothic:	*breihan	vb	to bring	GED
	briggan	vb.wk.I	to bring	GED
Tocharian
Tokharian:	pränk-	vb	to take away	GED
Tocharian B:	prānk-	vb	to take away	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
I	=	class 1
fut	=	future (tense)
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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