The University of Texas at Austin; College of Liberal Arts

Hans C. Boas, Director :: PCL 5.556, 1 University Station S5490 :: Austin, TX 78712 :: 512-471-4566

Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: bhrūg- 'fruit; to brook, enjoy'

Semantic Fields: Fruit; to Please; Glad, Joyful

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	brūcan	vb	to brook	W7
Middle English:	br(o)uken	vb	to brook	W7/OED
	fruicioun	n	fruition	W7
	fruit	n	fruit	W7
	frumenty	n	frumenty	W7
English:	brook	vb	to use, enjoy; endure, tolerate	AHD/W7/OED
	fructify	vb	to bear fruit, make fruitful	AHD/W7
	frugal	adj	thrifty in resource expenditure	AHD/W7
	frugivorous	adj	feeding on fruit	AHD/W7
	fruit	n	product of plant growth	AHD/W7
	fruition	n	enjoyment, pleasurable use/possession	AHD/W7
	frumentaceous	adj	made of/resembling grain (e.g. wheat)	AHD/W7
	frumenty	n	wheat dish boiled in milk flavored with sugar/spices/raisins	AHD/W7
	infructescence	n	fruiting stage of inflorescence	AHD
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	bruka	vb	to brook	ASD
Frisian:	bruke	vb	to brook	ASD
Dutch:	gebruiken	vb	to brook	ASD
	vrucht	n	fruit	TLL
Old Saxon:	brūkan	vb	to brook	ASD
Old High German:	brūchan	vb	to brook	ASD
Middle High German:	brūchen	vb	to brook	ASD
German:	brauchen	vb	to brook	ASD
	Frucht	n.fem	fruit	LRC
N-Germanic
Icelandic:	brūka	vb	to brook	ASD
Danish:	bruge	vb	to brook	ASD
	frugt	n	fruit	TLL
Swedish:	brūka	vb	to brook	ASD
	frukt	n	fruit	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	brukyan	vb	to brook	ASD
Italic
Latin:	fructus, fructūs	n.masc	fruit, use, revenue	W7
	frugalis	adj	frugal, virtuous	W7
	frumentum	n.neut	grain	W7
	fruor, frui, fructus/fruitus	vb.dep	to enjoy, benefit	W7
	frux, frugis	n.fem	fruit, produce	LRC
Late Latin:	fruitio	n.fem	enjoyment	W7
	frumentaceus	adj	of grain	W7
Old French:	fruit	n.masc	fruit	W7
Middle French:	frugal	adj	frugal, inexpensive	W7
	fruition	n.fem	fruition, benefit	W7
	frument	n.masc	grain	W7
	frumentee	n.fem	frumenty	W7
Albanian
Gheg:	pāfrujt	adj	barren, without fruit	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
dep	=	deponent
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
OED	=	James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

Nearby etyma: previous | next