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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: bhudh-m(e)n 'base, ground, bottom, fundament'

Semantic Fields: Ground, Soil; Bottom

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Irish:	bonn	n.masc	bottom	ASD
Gaelic:	bonn/buinn	n.masc	bottom	ASD
English
Old English:	botm	n.masc	bottom	W7/ASD
Middle English:	abissus	n	abyss	W7
	boþem/botme	n	bottom	MEV/W7
	fond	n	fond	W7
	fonne	n	dupe, fool, buffoon	W7
	founden	vb	to found	W7
	foundren	vb	to collapse, send to the bottom	W7
	fundament	n	fundament	W7
	profound	adj	profound	W7
English:	abyss	n	bottomless pit/gulf/chaos of old cosmogonies	AHD/W7
	bottom	n	underside, lower surface	AHD/W7
	bumboat	n	boat bringing provisions/commodities for sale to (those in) ship	AHD/W7
	fond	adj	silly, foolish	AHD/W7
	found	vb.trans	to take first step(s) in construction	AHD/W7
	founder	vb	to become disabled	AHD/W7
	fund	n	supply, available resources	AHD/W7
	fundament	n	base upon which structure is erected	AHD/W7
	fundus	n	part below aperture of hollow organ	AHD/W7
	latifundium	n	great landed estate, often with servile labor	AHD/W7
	profound	adj	having intellectual depth/insight	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	boden	n.masc	bottom	ASD
Frisian:	boyem	n	bottom	ASD
Dutch:	bōdem	n.masc	bottom	ASD
Old Saxon:	bodom	n.masc	bottom	ASD
Low German:	bum	n	tree	W7
	bumboot	n.neut	bumboat	W7
Old High German:	bodam	n.masc	bottom	W7/ASD
Middle High German:	bodem/boden	n.masc	bottom	ASD
German:	Bodem/Boden	n.masc	bottom	ASD
	Fundament	n.neut	fundament	LRC
N-Germanic
Icelandic:	botn	n.masc	bottom	ASD
Danish:	bund	n	bottom	ASD
Swedish:	botten	n.masc	bottom	ASD
Italic
Latin:	fundamentum	n.neut	foundation	W7
	fundo, fundare	vb	to found, lay foundation of	W7
	fundus, fundī	n.masc	bottom, land, farm	W7
	latifundium	n.neut	large property	W7
	latus, lateris	n.neut	side	W7
	profundus	adj	deep	W7
Late Latin:	abyssus	n.masc	abyss	W7
New Latin:	fundus	n.masc	bottom, land, bottom of an organ	W7
Old French:	fondement	n.masc	base	W7
	fonder	vb	to found	W7
Middle French:	fondrer	vb	to collapse	W7
	profond	adj	deep	W7
Hellenic
Greek:	abyssos	n.masc	abyss, bottomless well	W7
	bathys	adj	deep	W7
	byssos	n.masc	depth	W7
	pythmēn	n.masc	bottom	W7
Indic
Sanskrit:	budhna	n.masc	bottom	ASD

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
MEV	=	J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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