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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: bhū̆g̑o-s, familiar form bhukko-s 'buck, goat'

Semantic Field: Goat

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	bocc	n	buck	RPN
Middle Irish:	bocc	n.masc	he-goat	W7/IED
Breton:	bouc'h	n	buck	RPN
Cornish:	boch	n	buck	RPN
Welsh:	bwch	n	buck	RPN
English
Old English:	bucc	n	buck, male dear	RPN
	bucca	n.masc	buck, he-goat	RPN
Middle English:	bocher	n	butcher	W7
	buck	n	buck	W7
English:	blesbok	n	S African highveld antelope with facial blaze	AHD/W7
	bontebok	n	coastal S African antelope	AHD
	Brandybuck	prop.n	hobbit clan in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	buck	n	male animal (esp. deer)	AHD/W7
	Buckland	prop.n	Shire locale in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	butcher	n	one who slaughters animals/dresses their flesh	AHD/W7
	gemsbok	n	large S African oryx	AHD/W7
	Oldbuck	prop.n	hobbit surname in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	springbok	n	small S African brown/white leaping gazelle	AHD
	steenbok	n	small antelope of SE Africa	AHD
W-Germanic
Frisian:	bok	n	buck	ASD
Middle Dutch:	boc	n	buck	AHD
Dutch:	bok	n.masc	buck	ASD
Afrikaans:	blesbok	n	blesbok, lit. blaze buck	W7
	bok	n	buck	W7
	bontebok	n	bontebok	AHD
	gemsbok	n	gemsbok, lit. chamois buck	AHD/W7
	springbok	n	springbok	AHD
	steenbok	n	steenbok	AHD
Old Saxon:	buc	n.masc	buck	ASD
Old High German:	boc(h)	n.masc	buck, he-goat	W7/ASD
Middle High German:	boc	n.masc	buck, he-goat	RPN/ASD
German:	Bock	n.masc	buck, he-goat	ASD
	Gemsbock	n	gemsbok, lit. chamois buck	W7
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	bokki	n.masc	buck; fellow	LRC
Old Icelandic:	bukkr/bokkr	n	buck, he-goat	RPN
Icelandic:	bokki	n.masc	buck	ASD
Danish:	buk	n	buck	ASD
Swedish:	bock	n.masc	buck	ASD
Italic
Latin:	bucca	n	buck, he-goat	RPN
Old French:	bouchier	n.masc	butcher	W7
Armenian
Armenian:	buc	n	lamb	RPN
Iranian
Farsi:	buz	n	goat	RPN
Avestan:	būza-	n	buck	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
prop	=	proper

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
IED	=	Patrick S. Dinneen: An Irish-English Dictionary (1927)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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