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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: de-, do- 'I-deictic; here'

Semantic Field: Word

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	di	prep	from	W7
English
Old English:	tō	adv/prep/pfx	apart; (in)to; as, for; quite	LRC
Middle English:	de-	pfx	de-	W7
	to	prep	(in)to, unto	W7
	too	adv	too	W7
English:	de-	pfx	(do) opposite of	AHD/W7
	debase	vb	to vitiate, reduce in state/quality	AHD/CDC
	decalescence	n	reduced temperature increase due to phase change	AHD
	decurrent	adj	extending downward from place of insertion	AHD/CDC
	deflate	vb	to lose/remove air	AHD/CDC
	deglutinate	vb	to unglue, loosen, separate	AHD/CDC
	dement	vb	to make insane, destroy mind	AHD/CDC
	demersal	adj	sinking in water; dwelling at/near bottom	AHD/CDC
	descend	vb	to move to lower place	AHD/CDC
	detente	n	easing of tensions/relations	AHD
	deteriorate	vb	to impair, make/become inferior in quality	AHD/W7
	detumescence	n	diminution of swelling	AHD/CDC
	taptoo	n	call sounded before taps: go to quarters	AHD/W7
	tattoo	n	call sounded before taps: go to quarters	AHD/W7
	to	prep	(suggesting movement) toward person/place/thing	AHD/W7
	too	adv	also, besides	AHD/W7
	unto	prep	to, until	IEW
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	tō	prep/adv	to, at	ASD
Dutch:	taptoe	n	taptoo	W7
	te	prep	to	TLL
	tegen	prep	against	TLL
Old Saxon:	tō	prep/adv	to, at	ASD
Old High German:	zuo	prep/adv	to, at	W7/ASD
German:	zu	prep	to, at	LRC
N-Germanic
Danish:	toe	prep/adv	to, at	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	du	prep	in, to, towards, against	LRC
Italic
Latin:	dē, dē-	prep/pfx	from, undo; about	W7
	dēterior	adj	worse	W7
	dis-	pfx	not, undo	W7
	donec	conj	until, as long as	W7
	dum	conj	while	LRC
	idem, eadem, idem	dem.pron	the same	LRC
	inde	adv	from that	LRC
	quidam, quaedam, quoddam	indef.pron	some, a certain	LRC
	quidem	adv	in fact, even	LRC
	quoniam	conj	since	LRC
Late Latin:	dēteriorō, dēteriorāre, dēteriorāvī, dēteriorātus	vb	to make worse, to decay	W7
Portuguese:	de	prep	of, by, from	TLL
Spanish:	de	prep	of, by, from	TLL
Old French:	de-	pfx	undo	W7
	des-	pfx	undo	W7
Middle French:	des-	pfx	not, undo	W7
French:	de	prep	of, from, about	TLL
Italian:	da	prep	by, from	TLL
	di	prep	of, about	TLL
Baltic
Lithuanian:	kad, kadà	adv	when	LRC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	da	conj	in order to, that; may, let; and, then	LRC
	do	prep	(up) to; (with numerals) about	LRC
Hellenic
Greek:	δέ	pcl	and, on the other hand; indeed	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
conj	=	conjunction
dem	=	demonstrative
indef	=	indefinite
n	=	noun
pcl	=	particle
pfx	=	prefix
prep	=	preposition
pron	=	pronoun
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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