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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: deik̑- 'to teach, show'

Semantic Field: to Show

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	disc	n.masc	dish, plate, bowl; discus	W7/ASD
	tā	n	toe	W7
	tāc(e)n	n	sign, token	W7
	tǣcan	vb.wk	to teach, show	W7/ASD
	tēon	vb	to accuse	W7
Middle English:	abaten	vb	to abate	W7
	avengen	vb	to avenge	W7
	benediccioun	n	benediction	W7
	bitokenen	vb	to betoken, signify	AHD
	condicion	n	condition	W7
	dedicate	vb	to dedicate	W7
	digit	n	digit	W7
	dish	n	dish	W7
	ditee	n	ditty	W7
	enditen	vb	to indite	W7
	entredit	n	interdict	W7
	indiccioun	n	indiction	W7
	inditen	vb	to indict	W7
	judicial	adj	judicial	W7
	jug(g)e	n	judge	W7
	jug(g)en	vb	to judge	W7
	jurisdicciuon	n	jurisdiction	W7
	malison	n	malison	W7
	prechen	vb	to preach	W7
	predicament	n	predicament	W7
	prejudice	n	prejudice	W7
	revengen	vb	to revenge	W7
	techen	vb	to teach	W7
	tokne	n	token	W7
	vengen	vb	to avenge	W7
	verdit(e)	n	verdict	W7
English:	abdicate	vb	to reject, renounce, relinquish (sovereign power) formally	AHD/W7
	addict	vb.trans	to devote/surrender (self) to something obsessively/habitually	AHD/W7
	apodictic	adj	re: necessary truth/absolute certainty	AHD/W7
	avenge	vb.trans	to take revenge for/on behalf of	AHD/W7
	benediction	n	invocation of blessing	AHD/W7
	betoken	vb.trans	to show, give evidence of	AHD/W7
	condition	n	stipulation, premise on which fulfillment of agreement depends	AHD/W7
	contradict	vb.trans	to resist/oppose in argument	AHD/W7
	dedicate	adj	dedicated	AHD/W7
	deictic	adj	showing/pointing out directly	AHD/W7
	deixis	n	function of word: specifying referent in context	AHD
	dicast	n	ancient Athenian performing as both judge and jury	AHD/W7
	dictate	vb	to prescribe, speak authoritatively	AHD/W7
	diction	n	verbal description	AHD/W7
	dictum	n	authoritative pronouncement	AHD/W7
	dictyosome	n	plant cell Golgi apparatus	AHD
	digit	n	arabic numeral: 0-9	AHD/W7
	discus	n	disk thrown for distance	W7
	dish	n	vessel containing food for consumption	CDC
	disk	n	flat circular stone/metal plate	AHD/W7
	ditto	n	thing mentioned above/previously	AHD/W7
	ditty	n	song/short poem to be sung	AHD/W7
	edict	n	official public proclamation having force of law	AHD/W7
	fatidic	adj	re: prophecy	AHD/W7
	Heathertoes	prop.n	Bree surname in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	index	n	guide for facilitating book reference	AHD/W7
	indicate	vb.trans	to point out/to with exactness	AHD/W7
	indict	vb.trans	to accuse, charge with offense	AHD/W7
	indiction	n	15-year cycle: ancient/medieval chronological unit	AHD/W7
	indite	vb.trans	to compose, make up	AHD/W7
	interdict	n	Roman Catholic ecclesiastical censure	AHD/W7
	judge	n	one who judges	AHD/W7
	judge	vb	to form authoritative opinion	AHD/W7
	judicial	adj	re: judgment/judiciary/administration of justice	AHD/W7
	juridical	adj	re: office of judge/administration of justice	AHD/W7
	jurisdiction	n	right/power/authority to apply/interpret law	AHD/W7
	maledict	adj.arch	accursed	AHD/W7
	malison	n	curse, malediction	AHD/W7
	paradigm	n	pattern, example	AHD/W7
	preach	vb	to deliver a sermon	AHD/W7
	predicament	n	status/character/classification assigned by predication	AHD/W7
	predicate	n	something affirmed/denied of subject in logical proposition	AHD/W7
	predicate	vb.trans	to declare, affirm	AHD/W7
	predict	vb.trans	to foretell/declare in advance	AHD/W7
	prejudice	n	damage/injury resulting from judgment/action of another	AHD/W7
	revenge	n	damage/injury inflicted in return	AHD/W7
	revenge	vb.trans	to inflict damage/injury in return	AHD/W7
	syndic	n	municipal magistrate	AHD/W7
	tachisme	n	art with haphazardly-applied irregular dabs/splotches of color	AHD
	teach, taught	vb	to show, instruct, cause to know	AHD/W7
	tetchy	adj	testy, peevish	AHD
	theodicy	n	defense of God's goodness/omnipotence in view of existence of evil	AHD/W7
	toe	n	terminal digit on vertebrate's foot	AHD/W7
	token	n	outward sign	AHD/W7
	valediction	n	farewell, act/utterance of leave-taking	AHD/W7
	vendetta	n	blood feud	AHD/W7
	verdict	n	finding/decision of jury	AHD/W7
	veridical	adj	veracious, truthful	AHD/W7
	vindicate	vb.trans	to avenge, deliver, set free	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Dutch:	teen	n	toe	TLL
Old High German:	tisc	n	dish, plate, table	KDW/W7
	zēha	n	toe	W7
	zeihhan	n	sign	W7
German:	diktieren	vb	to dictate	LRC
	Tisch	n	table	TLL
	Zehe	n.fem	toe	LRC
	Zeichen	n.neut	sign	LRC
N-Germanic
Icelandic:	tá	n	toe	ASD
Danish:	taa	n	toe	TLL
Swedish:	tå	n	toe	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	gateihan	vb.str.I	to tell	LRC
	táikns	n.str.fem	sign, wonder	LRC
Italic
Latin:	abdicō, abdicāre, abdicāvī, abdicātus	vb	to abdicate, disavow, give up	W7
	addico, addicere, addixi, addictus	vb	to award, favor	W7
	apodicticus	adj	speech that demonstrates	W7
	benedico, benedicere	vb	to speak well of	W7
	condicio, condicionis	n.fem	terms of agreement, condition	W7
	condico, condicere	vb	to agree	W7
	contradico, contradicere, contradixi, contradictus	vb	to contradict	W7
	dēdicō, dēdicāre, dēdicāvī, dēdicātus	vb	to dedicate	W7
	dicō, dicāre	vb	to proclaim, dedicate, consecrate	W7
	dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum	vb	to say, state, declare	LRC
	dictio, dictionis	n.fem	speaking, style, oratory	W7
	dicto, dictare, dictavi, dictatus	vb	to dictate, say often	W7
	dictum	n.neut	something said	W7
	digitus	n.masc	finger	W7
	discus	n.masc	dish, discus	W7
	edico, edicere, edixi, edictus	vb	to decree	W7
	edictum	n.neut	edict	W7
	fatidicus	adj	annoucing fate, prophetic	W7
	index, indicis	n.masc	indicator	W7
	indicō, indicāre, indicāvī, indicātum	vb	to indicate, betray	LRC
	indīco, indīcere, indīxī, indictus	vb	to announce, proclaim	W7
	indictio	n.fem	proclamation	W7
	interdīcō, interdīcere, interdīxi, interdictum	vb	to forbid, prohibit	LRC
	interdictum	n.neut	prohibition, praetorian interdict	W7
	jūdex, jūdicis	n.masc	judge	W7
	judicialis	adj	relating to courts of law	W7
	judicium	n.neut	judgment	W7
	jūdicō, jūdicāre	vb	to judge	W7
	juridicus	adj	relating to courts of law	W7
	jurisdictio, jurisdictionis	n.fem	administration of justice	W7
	praejudicium	n.neut	previous judgment, damage	W7
	valedico, valedicere, valedixi, valedictus	vb	to say farewell	W7
	veridicus	adj	truthful	W7
	vindex, vindicis	n.masc	claimant, avenger	W7
	vindicō, vindicāre, vindicāvī, vindicātus	vb	to vindicate, lay claim to	W7
	vindicta	n.fem	revenge, vindication	W7
Vulgar Latin:	indicto, indictare	vb	to proclaim	W7
Late Latin:	benedico, benedicere, benedixi, benedictus	vb	to bless	W7
	benedictio, benedictionis	n.fem	blessing, benediction	W7
	indictio, indictionis	n.fem	indiction	W7
	maldictus	adj	with a spell cast upon	W7
	maledictio, maledictionis	n.fem	malediction, spell	W7
	paradigma	n.neut	model, paradigm	W7
	praedicamentum	n.neut	predicament	W7
	praedicatum	n.neut	what was predicated	W7
	praedicō, praedicāre, praedicāvī, praedicātus	vb	to preach, assert, predicate logically	W7
	syndicus	n.masc	representative of a corporation	W7
Medieval Latin:	apodixa	n.fem	receipt	W7
Spanish:	dicho	adj/n	said; saying, remark	TLL
Old French:	avengier	vb	to avenge	CDC
	benedicion	n	benediction	AHD
	ditié	n.fem	poem	W7
	ditier	vb	to compose	W7
	enditer	vb	to write down, proclaim	W7
	entredit	n.masc	interdiction	W7
	jugier	vb	to judge	W7
	juridiction	n.fem	jurisdiction	W7
	maleïçon	n.fem	malediction	W7
	prechier	vb	to preach	W7
	prejudice	n.masc	previous judgment, damage	W7
	revengier	vb	to avenge	W7
	vengier	vb	to avenge	W7
Anglo-French:	enditer	vb	to write down	W7
	verdit	n.masc	verdict, saying	W7
Middle French:	condicion	n.fem	condition	W7
	juge	n.masc	judge	W7
	revenche, revenge	n.fem	revenge	W7
	revenchier, revengier	vb	to revenge	W7
French:	syndic	n.masc	union	W7
	théodicée	n.fem	theodicy	W7
Italian:	detto	adj/n	said; saying	TLL
	dire	vb	to say	W7
	vendetta	n.fem	vengeance	W7
Hellenic
Greek:	ἀδικέω	vb	to wrong	LRC
	ἀδικία	n.fem	wrong-doing	LRC
	ἀποδείκνυμι	vb	to propose, demonstrate	LRC
	apodeiktikos	adj	speech that demonstrates	W7
	apodeixis	n.fem	proof, demonstration	W7
	ἀπόδεξις	n.fem	exposition, publication	LRC
	δείκνυμι	vb	to show	LRC
	deiktikos	adj	deictic	W7
	deiktos	adj	verbal	W7
	dikazein	vb	to judge	W7
	δίκαιος	adj	just, righteous	LRC
	δικαιοσύνη	n.fem	justice, righteousness	LRC
	δικαιόω	vb	to justify	LRC
	dikastēs	n.masc	a judge	W7
	δίκη	n.fem	custom, right, judgement	LRC
	paradeigma	n.neut	paradigm, model	W7
	paradeiknynai	vb	to show side by side	W7
	syndikos	n.masc	assistant at law, advocate, representative of a state	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
I	=	class 1
adj	=	adjective
arch	=	archaic
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
prop	=	proper
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
KDW	=	Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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