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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

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Pokorny Etymon: 5. del- 'long'

Semantic Field: Long

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Welsh:	dal(a)	vb	to hold	GED
English
Old English:	andlang	prep	along	W7/ASD
	lang	adj	long	LRC
	langian	vb	to long, yearn	W7
	lengan	vb.wk	to lengthen, prolong	W7/ASD
	len(g)ten/lencten	n.masc	Lent	W7/ASD
	lengþu	n	length	W7
	tulge/tylg	adv	rather	GED
Middle English:	along	adv	along	W7
	belongen	vb	to belong	W7
	eloynen	vb	to eloign	W7
	lang	adj	long	W7
	lengen	vb	to prolong	W7
	lengeren	vb.freq	to dwell	W7
	lengthe	n	length	W7
	lente	n	springtime, Lent	W7
	ling	n	ling (fish)	W7
	long	adj	long	W7
	longen	vb	to be suitable	W7
	longitude	n	longitude	W7
	Lumbarde	prop.n	Lombard	W7
	oblong	adj	oblong	W7
	prolongen	vb	to prolong	W7
	purloinen	vb	to put away, render ineffectual	W7
English:	along	adv/prep	in same direction, in line parallel with length	AHD/W7
	belong	vb.intrans	to be suitable/appropriate/advantageous	AHD/W7
	dolichocephalic	adj	re: relatively long head	AHD/W7
	dolichocranial	adj	having relatively long skull	AHD
	eloign	vb.trans	to remove to distant/unknown place	AHD/W7
	elongate	vb	to extend in length	AHD/W7
	indulge	vb	to give free choice to	AHD/W7
	Langstrand	prop.n	Gondor coast in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	length	n	longer/longest dimension of object	AHD/W7
	Lent	prop.n	Christian period of penitence before Easter	LRC
	ling	n	fish in cod family	AHD/W7
	linger	vb	to tarry, be slow to leave	AHD/W7
	Lombard	prop.n	member of Teutonic peoples who invaded/settled N. Italy in 568 A.D.	AHD/W7
	long	adj	extending for significant distance	AHD/W7
	long	vb.intrans	to yearn, feel strong desire/craving	AHD/W7
	longeron	n	major fore-aft structural member of aircraft fuselage	AHD
	longhorn	n	Texas cattle breed	LRC
	longitude	n	length	AHD/W7
	Longshanks	prop.n	epithet for Strider in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	longshore	adj	re: seacoast location	AHD
	lounge	n	public waiting room	AHD
	lunge	n	sudden forward thrust/movement	AHD
	oblong	adj	deviating from square/circular shape through elongation	AHD/W7
	prolong	vb.trans	to continue, lengthen in time	AHD/W7
	purloin	vb	to filch, appropriate wrongfully	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Dutch:	langs	prep	along	TLL
	leng	n	ling (fish)	W7
Old Saxon:	tulgo	adv	very	GED
Old High German:	lang	adj	long	W7
	langēn	vb	to long	W7
	lengiz/lenzo	n	Lent, spring	ASD
	lengjan	vb	to lengthen, prolong	ASD
	lenzin	n	spring	W7
German:	lang	adj	long	LRC
	Länge	n.fem	length	TLL
	längs	prep	along	TLL
	Lenz	n.masc	Lent, spring	ASD
	verlängern	vb	to lengthen	LRC
N-Germanic
Icelandic:	lengja	vb	to lengthen, prolong	ASD
Danish:	langs	prep	along	TLL
Swedish:	längs	prep	along	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	ga-tulgjan	vb.wk.I	to fortify	GED
	tulgiþa	n	firmness, certainty; safety, stronghold	GED/ASD
	tulgjan	vb.wk.I	to confirm, fortify	GED/ASD
	tulgus	adj	firm, steady, steadfast	GED
Italic
Latin:	indulgeo, indulgēre	vb	to indulge, grant as a favor	GED
	Langobardus	n.masc	Longobard	W7
	longe	adv	by far	LRC
	longitudo, longitudinis	n.fem	length	W7
	longus	adj	long	W7
	oblongus	adj	oblong	W7
Late Latin:	ēlongo, ēlongāre, ēlongāvī, ēlongātus	vb	to make long	W7
	prolongo, prolongāre	vb	to prolong	W7
New Latin:	dolich-	pfx	spear	W7
	dolichocephalus	adj	dolichocephalic	W7
Portuguese:	longo	adj	long	TLL
Old French:	esloigner	vb	to put further away, to scare away	W7
	loing	adv	far, at a distance	W7
	porloigner	vb	to delay, put off	W7
Anglo-French:	purloigner	vb	to delay, put off	W7
Middle French:	lombard	adj	Lombard	W7
	prolonguer	vb	to prolong	W7
French:	allonger	vb	to extend, prolong, lengthen; lay down	AHD
	alongier	vb	to extend, prolong, lengthen; lay down	AHD
	éloigner	vb	to scare away, put further away	W7
	long	adj	long	TLL
Old Italian:	lombardo	adj	Lombard	W7
Italian:	lungo	adj/prep	long; along	TLL
Baltic
Lithuanian:	ìlgas, ilgà	adj	long	LRC
Latvian:	ilgi	adj/adv	long, for a long time	LRC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	dlъgъ	adj	long	GED/RPN
	dlъžǫ, dlъžiti	vb	to extend	RPN
Hellenic
Greek:	δολιχός	adj	long	GED
	ἐνδελεχής	adj	perpetual, continuous	GED/RPN
Anatolian
Hittite:	da-lu-ga-aš-ti	n	length	GED/RPN
	da-lu-ga-e-eš	adj	long	RPN
	ta-lu-ki-(i)š-zi	vb.3.sg	to become long	RPN
Iranian
Old Persian:	darga-	adj	long	GED
Avestan:	darəgō	adj	long	GED
	drājō	n	length	GED
Indic
Sanskrit:	dīrghá-ḥ	adj	long, tall, deep	GED/RPN
	drā́ghate	vb	to stretch, lengthen	GED/RPN
	drāgh(i)mān	n	length	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
3	=	3rd person
I	=	class 1
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
fem	=	feminine (gender)
freq	=	frequentative (aspect)
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
pfx	=	prefix
prep	=	preposition
prop	=	proper
sg	=	singular (number)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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