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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: derk̑- 'to look'

Semantic Field: to Look

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	derc	n	eye	GED
	drech	n	face	GED
Welsh:	drych	n	aspect	LRC
English
Old English:	draca	n.masc	dragon	W7/ASD
	torht	adj	clear, bright	GED
Middle English:	dragon	n	dragon	W7
	drake	n	drake	W7
	ranclen	vb	to fester	W7
	tarne	n	tarn	W7
English:	dragon	n	huge serpent	AHD/W7
	dragoon	n	member of European military unit: heavily armed mounted troops	AHD/W7
	drake	n	small artillery piece	AHD/W7
	rankle	vb	to cause anger/bitterness/deep irritation	AHD/W7
	tarn	n	small inland/mountain lake	W7
	tarragon	n	aromatic Eurasian herb	AHD
W-Germanic
Dutch:	draak	n.masc	dragon	ASD
Old Saxon:	tor(o)ht	adj	clear, bright, splendid	GED/ASD
Old High German:	ougo-zorhtan	vb.wk	to reveal	GED
	tracho	n.masc	dragon	ASD
	zoraht	adj	bright, clear, evident	GED
Middle High German:	trache/tracke	n.masc	dragon	ASD
German:	Drache	n.masc	dragon	ASD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	tjörn	n.fem	tarn	W7
Old Icelandic:	tjǫrn	n.fem	tarn	GED
Icelandic:	dreki	n.masc	dragon	ASD
Danish:	drage	n.masc/fem	dragon	ASD
Swedish:	drake	n.masc	dragon	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	ga-tarhjan	vb.wk.I	to note, expose, distinguish, make public	GED
Italic
Latin:	draco, draconis	n.masc	snake, dragon	W7
	dracunculus	n.masc	small snake	W7
New Latin:	tarchon	n	tarragon	AHD
Spanish:	dragón	n.masc	dragon	ASD
Old French:	dragon	n.masc	dragon, monster	W7
	draoncle	n.masc	furuncle, abcess	W7
	draoncler	vb	to ooze out pus	W7
	raoncle	n.masc	festering sore	W7
	raoncler	vb	to fester	W7
Middle French:	rancler	vb	to rankle	W7
French:	dragon	n.masc	dragon	W7
Italian:	dragóne	n.masc	dragon	ASD
Albanian
Albanian:	dritë	n	light	GED
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	δέρκομαι	vb	to look (at), see	LRC
	δράκων	n.masc	snake, serpent	LRC
Greek:	δέργμα	n.neut	look, glance	GED
	δέρκομαι	vb	to see (clearly)	GED
	δράκων	n.masc	dragon; tarragon	GED
Medieval Greek:	tarkhōn	n	tarragon	AHD
Iranian
Avestan:	dādarəsa	vb.perf	have seen	GED
	daršti-	n	sight	LRC
Indic
Sanskrit:	dadárśa	vb.perf	have seen	GED
	dárśat	vb.3.sg.aor.subj	have seen	GED
	darśáyati	vb	to cause to see	GED
	darś-	vb	to see	LRC
	dr̥ś-	vb	to view	GED
	dr̥ṣṭás	vb.perf	seen	GED
	dr̥ṣṭiṣ	vb	to glance	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
3	=	3rd person
I	=	class 1
adj	=	adjective
aor	=	aorist (tense)
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
perf	=	perfect (aspect)
sg	=	singular (number)
subj	=	subjunctive (mood)
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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