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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: deuk- 'to tug, pull, drag, tow'

Semantic Field: to Draw, Pull

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Breton:	duc	vb	to bear (away), carry (off)	GED
Cornish:	dog	vb	to bring, carry	GED
Middle Welsh:	dwc	vb	to bring, carry	GED
English
Old English:	here-toga/here-toha	n.str.masc	duke	GED/ASD
	tǣman/tīeman	vb	to teem	W7
	tēag	n	tie, rope	GED
	tēam	n.masc	team, offspring	W7/ASD
	tēam	n.str.masc	rein, bridle	GED
	tēon, téah, tugon, togen	vb	to draw, pull, train	W7/GED
	tīegan	vb	to tie	GED
	togian/togjan	vb	to tug, tow, pull	W7/GED
	tyge	n	pulling	GED
	tygel	n	strap	GED
	tyht	n.masc	conduct, breeding, upbringing	GED
Middle English:	conducen	vb	to conduct	W7
	conduit	n	conduit	W7
	ducat	n	ducat	W7
	duche	n	duchy	W7
	duchesse	n	duchess	W7
	duke	n	duke	W7
	educaten	vb	to rear	W7
	inducen	vb	to induce	W7
	producen	vb	to produce	W7
	reducen	vb	to lead back	W7
	teg/tye	n	tie	W7
	teme	n	theme	W7
	temen	vb	to teem	W7
	toggen	vb	to tug	GED
	tought	adj	taut	W7
	towen	vb	to tow	W7
	tuggen	vb	to tug	W7
	wanton	n	wanton	W7
English:	abducens	n	cranial nerves conveying motor impulses	AHD
	abducent	adj	abducting (e.g. muscle)	AHD/W7
	abduct	vb.trans	to carry off (e.g. someone) by force	AHD/W7
	adduce	vb.trans	to offer as proof/reason/example in discussion/analysis	AHD/W7
	aqueduct	n	water conduit	AHD/W7
	circumduction	n	leading about; movement of leg/arm in arc/circle	AHD/CDC
	condottiere	n	leader of European mercenary band	AHD/W7
	conduce	vb.intrans	to contribute, lead/tend to desirable result	AHD/W7
	conduct	n	guide, escort	AHD/W7
	deduce	vb.trans	to trace course of	AHD/W7
	deduct	vb.trans	to subtract, take away (amount from total)	AHD/W7
	doge	n	chief magistrate in Venice/Genoa	AHD/W7
	douche	n	water jet/current directed against/into body part/cavity	AHD/W7
	ducal	adj	re: duke(dom)	AHD/W7
	ducat	n	European gold coin	AHD/W7
	duce	n	leader	AHD/W7
	duchess	n	wife of duke/woman holding ducal title	AHD/W7
	duchy	n	dukedom, territory of duke/duchess	AHD/W7
	duct	n	body tube/vessel, esp. carrying gland secretion	AHD/W7
	ductile	adj	capable of being reshaped	AHD/W7
	duke	n	sovereign ruler of European duchy	AHD/W7
	educate	vb.trans	to provide schooling for	AHD/W7
	educe	vb.trans	to bring out (e.g. something latent)	AHD/W7
	induce	vb.trans	to lead/move by persuasion/influence	AHD/W7
	introduce	vb.trans	to lead/bring in, esp. for first time	AHD/W7
	produce	vb	to exhibit, offer for view/notice	AHD/W7
	redoubt	n	small enclosed temporary defensive work	AHD/W7
	reduce	vb	to consolidate, draw together/cause to converge	AHD/W7
	seduce	vb	to persuade to disobey	AHD/W7
	seduction	n	seducing to wrong	AHD/W7
	subduction	n	forcing one below another	AHD
	subdue	vb	to conquer, vanquish, subjugate	AHD
	taut	adj	tightly drawn, not slack	AHD/W7
	team	n	race, lineage	AHD/W7
	tee	vb	to place (golf ball) for hitting/clubbing	GED
	teem	vb	to produce/bring forth/give birth	AHD/W7
	tie	n	line/ribbon/cord used to close/fasten/unite something	AHD/W7
	tow	vb.trans	to haul, draw/pull behind	AHD/W7
	traduce	vb.trans	to defame, disgrace, lower reputation of	AHD/W7
	transducer	n	device, powered by system 1, supplying different power to system 2	AHD/W7
	tug	vb	to pull hard	AHD/W7
	viaduct	n	bridge (on series of narrow arches)	AHD/W7
	wanton	adj	unruly, undisciplined	AHD/W7
	Zugunruhe	prop.n	migratory drive in animals	AHD
	zugzwang	n	game situation where undesirable/disadvantageous move is forced	AHD
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	tām	n.masc	team, family, progeny, descendants	ASD
	tām	n.str.masc	rein, bridle	GED
	tiā	vb	to tow	GED
Old Frankish:	tiā	vb	to tow	ASD
	toga	vb	to tug, pull about, treat roughly	ASD
Middle Dutch:	toom	n.str.masc	rein, bridle	GED
Dutch:	toom	n.masc	line	ASD
Old Saxon:	heri-toga/heri-togo	n.str.masc	duke	GED/ASD
	tiohan	vb	to tow	GED
Old Low German:	tōm	n.masc	rein, bridle, harness	ASD
Old High German:	gi-ziug	n.str.neut	stuff, things, provisions	GED
	gi-ziugōn	vb	to state one's case	GED
	heri-zogo/heri-zoho	n.str.masc	duke	GED/ASD
	ziohan	vb	to tow	GED
	zocchōn/zucken/zucchen	vb.wk	to tug, snatch, drag off	GED/ASD
	zogōn	vb.wk	to tug	GED
	zoum	n.str.masc	rein, bridle; rope, strap	GED
	zug	n.str	march, draught	GED
	zug(i)	n.masc	movement	ASD
	zugil	n.masc	rein, strap, thong	GED
	zuht	n.str.fem	conduct, breeding, upbringing	GED
Middle High German:	(ge-)ziuc	n.wk.masc	witness	GED
	ziehen	vb	to tow	GED
	ziuc	n.str.neut	stuff, things, provisions	GED
	ziugen	vb.wk	to get, produce, provide	GED
German:	Herzog	n.str.masc	duke	GED
	Zaum	n.masc	bridle	LRC
	Zeug	n.str.neut	stuff, things, provisions	GED
	Zeuge	n.wk.masc	witness	GED
	zeugen	vb.wk	to get, produce, provide	GED
	ziehen	vb	to tow	LRC
	Zucht	n.fem	breeding	LRC
	zucken	vb	to jerk, twitch	LRC
	Zügel	n.masc	rein	LRC
	Zugunruhe	n.fem	Zugunruhe	AHD
	Zugzwang	n.masc	zugzwang	AHD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	taug	n	rope	W7
	toga, togað	vb	to tug	LRC
Old Icelandic:	taug	n.fem	rope, tie	GED
	taumr	n.str.masc	rein, bridle	GED
	teygja	vb.wk	to tug	GED
	tjōa	vb	to help	GED
	tog	n	rope, line, cord	GED
	toga	vb	to tug	GED
	tygill	n	strap	GED
Icelandic:	her-togi	n	duke, general	ASD
	taumr	n.masc	rein, cord, bridle	ASD
	toga	vb	to tug	ASD
	tygill	n.masc	strap, thong	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	ga-tiuhan	vb.str.II	to lead, bring	LRC
	tiuhan	vb.str.II	to tow; lead, bring	GED
Italic
Old Latin:	doucō	vb	to lead	GED
Latin:	abduco, abducere, abduxi, abductus	vb	to abduct, lead away, carry off	W7
	adduco, adducere	vb	to adduce, lead to	W7
	aquaeductus	n.masc	aqueduct	W7
	conduco, conducere, conduxi, conductus	vb	to lead, drive, conduct	W7
	deduco, deducere, deduxi, deductus	vb	to deduce, subtract, lead away	W7
	dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductum	vb	to lead, consider	GED
	ductilis, ductile	adj	ductile	W7
	ductio, ductionis	n.fem	act of leading	W7
	ductus	n.masc	duct; act of leading	W7
	dux, ducis	n.masc	duke, leader	GED
	ēdūcō, ēdūcāre, ēdūcāvī, ēdūcātus	vb	to educate, bring up, lit. draw out	W7/GED
	indūcō, indūcere	vb	to induce, lead in	W7
	intrōdūcō, intrōdūcere	vb	to introduce	W7
	prōdūcō, prōdūcere	vb	to produce, lead forward	W7
	redūcō, redūcere, redūxī, reductus	vb	to reduce, restore, lead back	W7
	sēdūcō, sēdūcere, sēdūxī, sēductus	vb	to seduce, lead away	W7
	seductio	n.fem	seduction, lit. leading aside	W7
	subdūcō, subdūcere	vb	to withdraw	W7
	trādūcō, trādūcere	vb	to bring through, lead/carry across	W7
	trānsdūcō, trānsdūcere	vb	to transduce, bring through, lead/carry across	W7
Late Latin:	ducalis	adj	ducal, re: leader	W7
Medieval Latin:	reductus	n.masc	secret place	W7
Old French:	aqueduct	n	aqueduct	CDC
	conduit	n.masc	escort; act of leading	W7
	duc	n.masc	duke	W7
Middle French:	duc	n.masc	duke	W7
	ducal	adj	ducal	W7
	ducat	n.masc	coin	W7
	duché	n.masc	duchy	W7
	duchesse	n.fem	duchess	W7
	ductile	adj	ductile	W7
	séduction	n.fem	seduction	W7
French:	aqueduc	n.masc	aqueduct	CDC
	douche	n.fem	shower	W7
	redoute	n.fem	redoubt	W7
Old Italian:	duca	n.masc	doge	W7
	ducato	n.masc	coin bearing doge's portrait	W7
Italian:	condottiere	n.masc	captain, soldier	W7/CID
	doccia	n.fem	spout, water-pipe	W7/CID
	docciare	vb	to shower	W7
	doccione	n.masc	conduit, large water-pipe	W7/CID
	Duce	prop.n.masc	leader [title of Benito Mussolini]	W7
	ridotto	n.masc	resort, retreat	W7
Albanian
Albanian:	nduk	vb	to pluck (hairs)	GED
Hellenic
Hesychius' Greek Lexicon:	δαιδύσσω	vb	to rub, drag	GED
Greek:	Δευκαλίων	prop.n.masc	Deucalion	LRC
	στρατηγός	n	commander, strategist	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
II	=	class 2
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
prop	=	proper
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
CID	=	Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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