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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: dō- : də-, also dō-u- : dəu- : du- 'to give, donate'

Semantic Field: to Give

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Middle English:	antidot	n	antidote	W7
	betrayen	vb	to betray	W7
	date	n	date	W7
	datif	adj	dative	W7
	dee	n	die	W7
	donatyowne	n	donation	W7
	dowarie	n	dowry	W7
	dowere	n	dower	W7
	endowen	vb	to endow	W7
	pardonen	vb	to pardon	W7
	rendren	vb	to render	W7
	rente	n	rent	W7
	surrenderen	vb	to surrender	W7
	tradicious	n	tradition	W7
	traitre	n	traitor	W7
	trayen	vb	to betray	W7
	tresoun	n	treason	W7
English:	anecdote	n	short story of amusing/interesting/biographical incident	AHD/W7
	antidote	n	remedy to effects of poison	AHD/W7
	apodosis	n	main clause of conditional sentence	AHD/W7
	betray	vb	to lead astray	AHD/W7
	condone	vb.trans	to pardon/overlook voluntarily	AHD/W7
	dacha	n	Russian country house	AHD/W7
	dado	n	part of column pedestal between base/surbase	AHD/W7
	date	n	day/time when event occurs	AHD/W7
	dative	adj	(grammatical case) re: verb's indirect object/preposition's object	AHD/W7
	datum	n	something given/admitted as basis for reasoning/inference	AHD/W7
	die	n	one among set of dice	AHD/W7
	donate	vb	to give, contribute, make a gift	W7
	donation	n	gift/action of giving to charity/institution	AHD/W7
	donative	adj	re: donation	AHD/W7
	donor	n	one who gives/donates/presents	AHD/W7
	dose	n	amount of therapeutic agent taken at one time	AHD/W7
	dot	n	dowry	AHD/W7
	dowager	n	widow holding title/property received from late husband	AHD/W7
	dower	n	part of/interest in deceased husband's estate given to widow	AHD/W7
	dowry	n	dower	AHD/W7
	edition	n	form in which text (e.g. book) is published	AHD/W7
	endow	vb.trans	to furnish with dower	AHD/W7
	epidote	n	yellowish green mineral, silicate of iron/calcium/aluminum	AHD/W7
	Pandora	prop.n	woman who, given box by Zeus with instructions not to open it, opened it and released all human ills (Greek mythology)	LRC
	pardon	vb.trans	to free from penalty	AHD/W7
	quitrent	n	rent paid in lieu of required services	AHD
	render	vb	to try, melt down	AHD/W7
	rent	n	property (e.g. house) rented/for rent; periodic sum paid to landlord by tenant	AHD/W7
	surrender	vb	to yield to another's power	AHD/W7
	tradition	n	handing down of custom or belief to future generations	AHD/W7
	traitor	n	one who betrays trust, is false to duty/obligation	AHD/W7
	treason	n	treachery, perfidy, betrayal of trust	AHD/W7
	vend	vb	to sell, exchange via sale	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
German:	Dativ	n.masc	dative	LRC
	Datum	n.neut	date	LRC
	Dosis	n.fem	dose	LRC
Italic
Latin:	antidotum	n.neut	antidote	W7
	condono, condonare	vb	to forgive	W7
	dativus	n.masc	dative (case)	W7
	deditus, dedita, deditum	adj	devoted, addicted	LRC
	dō, dare, dedī, datus	vb	to give, furnish, deliver	RPN
	-do, -dere, -didi, -ditus	vb.sfx	to give	W7
	dōnātio, dōnātiōnis	n.fem	gift, donation	W7
	dōnātīvus	n.masc	gift to soldiers	W7
	dōnātor	n.masc	donor	W7
	dōnō, dōnāre, dōnāvī, dōnātus	vb	to give, donate	W7
	dōnum	n.neut	gift	W7
	dōs, dōtis	n.fem	dowry	W7
	dōtō, dōtāre	vb	to endow, give a dowry	W7
	editio, editionis	n.fem	edition, publication	W7
	ēdō, ēdere, edidi, editus	vb	to bring forth, produce, publish	W7
	Pandora	n.fem	Pandora	W7
	reddō, reddere	vb	to give back	W7
	traditio, traditionis	n.fem	action of handing over, tradition	W7
	traditor	n.masc	traitor	W7
	trādō, trādere, trādidī, trāditus	vb	to betray, deliver, transmit	W7
	vēndō, vēndere	vb	to sell, give for sale	W7
Vulgar Latin:	rendita	n.fem	income from property	W7
	rendo, rendere, rendidi, renditus	vb	to yield, give back	W7
Late Latin:	apodosis	n	apodosis	AHD
	perdonō, perdonāre	vb	to grant freely	W7
Medieval Latin:	dotarium	n.neut	dowry	W7
Old French:	rente	n.fem	income from a property	W7
	traïr	vb	to betray	W7
	traison	n.fem	treason	W7
	traitre	n.masc	traitor	W7
Anglo-French:	dowarie	n.fem	dowry	W7
	endouer	vb	to endow	W7
Middle French:	date	n.fem	date	W7
	dé	n.masc	die	W7
	doneur	n.masc	donor	W7
	douage	n.fem	dower	W7
	douagiere	adj	dowager	W7
	douaire	n.masc	dowry of a (former) queen	W7
	douer	vb	to endow	W7
	edition	n.fem	edition	W7
	pardoner	vb	to forgive	W7
	rendre	vb	to yield, give back	W7
	surrendre	vb	to surrender	W7
	tradition	n.fem	tradition	W7
French:	anecdote	n.fem	anecdote	W7
	donner	vb	to give	TLL
	dose	n.fem	dose, ration	W7
	dot	n.fem	dowry	W7
Italian:	dado	n.masc	die, cube	W7/CID
	dare	vb	to give	TLL
Baltic
Lithuanian:	dovanà	n	gift, present	RPN
	dúoti, dúoda, dãvė	vb	to give	LRC
Latvian:	padoties, padodos, padevos	vb	to succumb, surrender	LRC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	dati, damь, dasi	vb	to give	LRC
	dajati, dajǫ, daješi	vb	to give	LRC
Russian:	dat'	vb	to give	LRC
Hellenic
Cyprian:	δοϜεναι	vb	to give	RPN
Homeric Greek:	διδόω/δίδωμι	vb	to give, grant, donate	LRC
Greek:	anekdota	n.neut.pl	unpublished items	W7
	anekdotos	adj	unpublished	W7
	antididonai	vb	to give in exchange	W7
	antidotos	vb.ptc	given in exchange	W7
	apodidonai	vb	to deliver, give back	W7
	apodosis	n.fem	rendering, giving back	W7
	dosis	n.fem	act of giving	W7
	ekdidonai	vb	to publish	W7
	epididonai	vb	to give in addition	W7
	Pandōra	prop.n.fem	Pandora, lit. Gift of All	W7
Anatolian
Hittite:	da-hhi	vb	to take	LRC
Armenian
Classical Armenian:	tam	vb	to give; let, permit	LRC
Iranian
Old Persian:	dadaiti	vb	to give	TLL
Indic
Sanskrit:	dá-dā-ti	vb	to give, grant	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pl	=	plural (number)
prop	=	proper
ptc	=	participle
sfx	=	suffix
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
CID	=	Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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