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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: dus- 'bad, foul, evil'

Semantic Fields: Bad; Demon, Evil Spirit

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	du-/do-	pfx	dys-, un-, ill-, mis-	RPN
English
Old English:	tō-/te-	pfx	apart	W7
Middle English:	dis-	pfx	dys-, difficult	W7
English:	dys-	pfx	bad, abnormal	AHD/W7
	dysarthria	n	dyslalia, lack of distinct articulation	AHD/CDC
	dyslexia	n	impaired ability to recognize/comprehend writing	AHD
	dysmenorrhea	n	painful/difficult/laborious menstruation	AHD/CDC
	dysplasia	n	abnormal cell/organ/tissue growth/development	AHD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	tuz-	pfx	dys-, un-, ill-, mis-	RPN
Italic
Latin:	dys-	pfx	dys-	W7
Middle French:	dis-	pfx	dys-, difficult	W7
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	dъž-	pfx	dys-, un-, ill-, mis-	RPN
Hellenic
Greek:	δυσ-	pfx	dys-, un-, ill-, mis-	RPN
Armenian
Armenian:	t-	pfx	un-, ill-, mis-	RPN
Iranian
Avestan:	duš-/duž-	pfx	dys-, un-, ill-, mis-	RPN
Indic
Sanskrit:	dúṣyati	vb	to turn bad, be defiled	RPN
	dus-/dur-	pfx	dys-, un-, ill-, mis-, difficult	W7
	doṣa-ḥ	n	crime, vice, want	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
n	=	noun
pfx	=	prefix
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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