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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: dhreg̑- 'to pull'

Semantic Field: to Draw, Pull

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	drencan	vb.irr	to drench	W7/ASD
	drincan	vb.irr	to drink	W7/ASD
	medu-drinc	n.masc	mead-drink	LRC
Middle English:	drenchen	vb	to drench	W7
	drinken	vb	to drink	W7
	drounen	vb	to drown	W7
English:	drench	vb.trans	to force to drink	AHD/W7
	drink, drank, drunk	vb.str	to imbibe, swallow	AHD/W7
	drink	n	beverage, liquid suitable for swallowing	W7
	drown	vb	to suffocate by submersion	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	drenka/drinka/drinsa	vb	to drown	ASD
	drinka	vb	to drink	ASD
Frisian:	drincken	vb	to drink	ASD
	drinssen	vb	to drench	ASD
Dutch:	drank	n	drink	TLL
	drenken	vb	to drench	ASD
	drinken	vb	to drink	ASD
Old Saxon:	drenkan	vb	to drench	ASD
	drinkan	vb	to drink	ASD
Old High German:	trinkan/trenkjan/trankjan	vb	to drink	W7/ASD
Middle High German:	trenken	vb	to drench	ASD
	trinken	vb	to drink	ASD
German:	Getränk	n	drink	TLL
	tränken	vb	to give to drink	ASD
	trinken	vb.irr	to drink	ASD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	drekka	vb	to drink	LRC
Icelandic:	drekka	vb	to drink	ASD
	drekkja	vb	to drown	ASD
Danish:	drik	n	drink	TLL
	drikke	vb	to drink	ASD
Swedish:	dricka	vb	to drink	ASD
	dryck	n	drink	TLL
	dränka	vb	to drown	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	dragkyan	vb	to give to drink	ASD
	drigkan	vb	to drink	ASD

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
irr	=	irregular
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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