Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our
own English gloss; our Semantic Field
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical
Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. dhreugh- 'to harm, deceive'
Semantic Field: to Harm, Injure, Damage
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||||||
| Old Irish: | drog-/droch- | adj | bad | RPN | ||||
| Breton: | droug/drouk | adj | bad | RPN | ||||
| Cornish: | drog | adj | bad | RPN | ||||
| Welsh: | drwg | adj | bad, wild, uncivilized | RPN | ||||
| English | ||||||||
| Old English: | drēam | n.str.masc | dream, joy, religious ecstasy; noise | GED | ||||
| Middle English: | dreem | n | dream | W7 | ||||
| English: | dream | n | deceptive image, thought/emotion experienced during sleep | AHD/W7 | ||||
| Druadan | prop.n | Woses' forest in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |||||
| W-Germanic | ||||||||
| Old Frisian: | drām | n.str.masc | dream | GED | ||||
| Frisian: | driech | vb.ptc | enduring | GED | ||||
| Old Saxon: | bi-driogan | vb.str.II | to deceive | GED | ||||
| drōm | n.str.masc | dream | GED | |||||
| gi-drōg | n | mirage | GED | |||||
| Old High German: | gi-trog | n.str.neut | deception | GED | ||||
| triogan | vb.str.II | to deceive | GED | |||||
| troum | n.str.masc | dream | GED | |||||
| German: | Traum | n.masc | dream | LRC | ||||
| Trug | n | fraud, deception | RPN | |||||
| trügen | vb | to deceive | RPN | |||||
| N-Germanic | ||||||||
| Old Icelandic: | draugr | n.str | ghost | GED | ||||
| draumr | n.str.masc | dream | GED | |||||
| drȳgja | vb.wk | to carry out | GED | |||||
| E-Germanic | ||||||||
| Gothic: | *driugan | vb.str.II | to wage/carry on (e.g. campaign) | GED | ||||
| Baltic | ||||||||
| Old Prussian: | drāktai | adv | firmly | GED | ||||
| podrūktinai | vb | to confirm | GED | |||||
| Indic | ||||||||
| Sanskrit: | drúhyati | vb | to hurt, hate | RPN | ||||
| droha-ḥ | n | harm, wrong, treachery | RPN | |||||
| dhrúk, druh- | adj | injuring, hurting | RPN | |||||
| Gujarati: | droh | n | malice | RPN | ||||
| Hindi: | dho | n | malice, injury | RPN | ||||
| dhok(h)ā | n | fear, deceit | RPN | |||||
| Oriya: | dhokā | n | fear, doubt, injury | RPN | ||||
| Sindhi: | ḍrohu | n | deceit | RPN | ||||
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| II | = | class 2 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |