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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: dhu̯ē̆r-, dhu̯ō̆r-, dhur-, dhu̯r̥- 'door'

Semantic Field: Door, Gate

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	dor	n	door	GED
	Dorchū	prop.n	Doorway-dog	GED
	dorus	n	door	LRC
Old Cornish:	dor	n	door	GED
Welsh:	dor	n	door	GED
Gaulish:	duros	n	door	GED
English
Old English:	dor	n	doorway, gate	W7
	duru/dūru	n.fem	door	ASD
	duru-weard	n.str.masc	door-keeper	GED
Middle English:	dor	n	door	W7
	dure	n	door	W7
	forclosen	vb	to foreclose	W7
	forein	adj	foreign	W7
	forest	n	forest	W7
English:	afforest	vb.trans	to establish forest cover	AHD/W7
	door	n	swinging/sliding barrier by which entry is opened/closed	AHD/W7
	durbar	n	court held by native Indian prince	AHD/W7
	farouche	adj	marked by shyness/lack of polish	AHD/W7
	foreclose	vb	to debar, shut out	AHD/W7
	foreign	adj	located outside area/country	AHD/W7
	forensic	adj	used in/suitable to/belonging to court	AHD/W7
	forest	n	tract of wooded land	AHD/W7
	forum	n	public/market-place of ancient Roman city used for judicial/public business	AHD/W7
	thyroid	adj	re: large endocrine gland in craniate vertebrates	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	dore/dure	n	door	GED
Frisian:	doar(e)	n	door	ASD
Dutch:	deur	n	door	TLL
Old Saxon:	dor	n.neut	doorway	GED/ASD
	dura/duri	n.str.fem	door	GED
Old High German:	tor	n.str.neut	doorway, gate	GED
	tor-warto	n.wk.masc	door-keeper	GED
	tura/turi	n.str.fem	door	GED
German:	Thor	n.neut	gate	ASD
	Thüre/Tür	n.fem	door	ASD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	dyrr	n.fem	doorway	LRC
Old Icelandic:	dyrr	n.fem	doorway	GED
Icelandic:	dyrr	n.fem	door	ASD
Danish:	dør	n.neut	door	ASD
Swedish:	dörr	n.fem	door	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	auga-dauro	n.neut	window, lit. eye-door	GED
	daur/daūr(o)	n.fem/neut	door(way)	GED/ASD
	daurons	n	vestibule	GED
	faura-dauri	n.neut	street	GED
Crimean Gothic:	*þur/thurn	n	door, gate	CGo/GED
Italic
Latin:	forās	adv	forth, outward, outdoors	LRC
	forensis	adj	public, forensic	W7
	foris, foris	n.fem	door; [pl.] gate	GED
	forīs	adv	outside	GED
	forum	n.neut	public place	W7
Late Latin:	foranus	adj	(on the) outside	W7
	forasticus	adj	belonging outside	W7
Medieval Latin:	afforesto, afforestare	vb	to plant a forest	W7
	forestis	n.fem	forest	W7
Portuguese:	fora	adv	out, outside	TLL
Spanish:	fuera	adv	out, outside	TLL
Old French:	forclore, forclos-	vb	to lock outside	W7
	forein	adj	foreign	W7
	fors	adv	outside	W7
French:	farouche	adj	beast afraid of mankind	W7
	hors	adv	out, outside	TLL
Italian:	fuori	adv	out, outside	TLL
Baltic
Old Prussian:	dauris	n	door	GED
Old Lithuanian:	dures	n	gate	GED
Lithuanian:	dùrys	n	door	LRC
Latvian:	duris/dùrvis	n	door	GED
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	dvĭrĭ	n	door	LRC
	dvorъ	n	court	GED
Albanian
Albanian:	derë	n	door	GED
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	θύρα	n.fem	door	LRC
Greek:	θύρα-ζε	adv	toward the outside	GED
	thyreoeidēs	adj	shield-shaped, thyroid	W7
	thyreos	n.masc	door-shaped shield	W7
	θυρών	n	vestibule	GED
	πρόθυρον	n	porch	GED
Anatolian
Hittite:	andurza	adv	within	GED
Armenian
Armenian:	duṙn	n	door, gate, court	GED
Iranian
Old Persian:	duva-rayā	adv	at court	GED
Persian:	dar	n	door	W7
	darbār	n	court held by prince	W7
Avestan:	dvarəm	n	gate	GED
	dvar̥m	n	gate, yard	LRC
Indic
Sanskrit:	dvāra	n.neut	door	ASD
	dvā́r-	n.fem	door, gate	GED/ASD
Hindi:	darbār	n	court held by prince	W7
Tocharian
Tocharian B:	twere	n	door	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
prop	=	proper
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CGo	=	MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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