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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: ēlā 'awl, bodkin'

Semantic Fields: Awl; Needle

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	æl/al	n.fem	awl	W7/CDC/ASD
	awel	n	awl, fleshhook	AHD
Middle English:	al(le)	n	awl	W7/CDC
English:	awl	n	pointed tool for marking/piercing	IEW/W7
Scots English:	elsin/elson	n	awl	CDC
W-Germanic
Old Dutch:	(a)elsene	n	awl	CDC
Dutch:	els	n	awl	CDC
Old Low German:	ael	n	awl	CDC
Old High German:	āla	n.fem	awl	W7/IEW
	alansa/alunsa	n	awl	IEW
Middle High German:	āle	n.fem	awl	IEW
German:	Ahle	n.fem	awl, bodkin	CDC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	alr	n.masc	awl, bradawl	IEW
Icelandic:	alr	n	awl	CDC
E-Germanic
Gothic:	*ēla	n	awl	IEW
Italic
Middle Latin:	alesna	n	awl	CDC
Spanish:	(a)lesna	n	awl	CDC
Old French:	alesne	n	awl	CDC
French:	aléne	n	awl	CDC
Old Occitan:	alena	n	awl	CDC
Italian:	lesina	n	awl	CDC
Baltic
Old Prussian:	ylo	n	awl	IEW
Lithuanian:	ýla	n	awl	IEW
Latvian:	īlęns	n	awl	IEW
Indic
Sanskrit:	ārā	n	awl	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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