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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: em- 'to take'

Semantic Field: to Take

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Middle English:	assumen	vb	to assume	W7
	consumen	vb	to consume	W7
	example	n	example	W7
	exemplifien	vb	to exemplify	W7
	exempt	adj	exempt	W7
	presumen	vb	to presume	W7
	prompt	adj	prompt	W7
	prompten	vb	to prompt	W7
	ransoun	n	ransom	W7
	redemen	vb	to redeem	W7
	redempcioun	n	redemption	W7
	resumen	vb	to resume	W7
	sample	n	sample	W7
	vintage, vendage	n	vintage	W7
English:	ademption	n	revocation of gift made in will	AHD
	assume	vb.trans	to receive, take up/in	AHD/W7
	consume	vb	to destroy, do away with completely	AHD/W7
	example	n	fact/item/aspect/incident representative of group/type	AHD/W7
	exemplify	vb.trans	to show/illustrate by example	AHD/W7
	exempt	adj	set apart; free/released from liability	AHD/W7
	exempt	vb	to excuse, release, make exempt	W7
	impromptu	adj	improvised, made/done (as if) on spur of moment	AHD/W7
	peremptory	adj	ending/precluding right of action/debate/delay	AHD/W7
	preemption	n	right to purchase before others	AHD/W7
	premium	n	reward/recompense for particular act	AHD/W7
	presume	vb	to dare, take upon self without leave/warrant	AHD/W7
	prompt	adj	punctual, quick/ready to act	AHD/W7
	prompt	vb.trans	to incite, move to action	AHD/W7
	pronto	adv	promptly, quickly	AHD/W7
	ransom	n	payment (demanded) for redemption of captured person	AHD/W7
	redeem	vb.trans	to repurchase, buy back	AHD/W7
	redemption	n	buying back	AHD/W7
	resume	n	summary, summing up	AHD/W7
	resume	vb	to reoccupy, assume/take again	AHD/W7
	sample	n	specimen, representative from larger whole/group	AHD/W7
	subsume	vb.trans	to classify under general principle	AHD/W7
	sumptuary	adj	designed to limit luxury/extravagance/personal expenditure	AHD/W7
	sumptuous	adj	lavish, splendid, expensive	AHD
	vintage	n	season's grape/wine yield from vineyard	AHD/W7
Italic
Latin:	ademptio, ademptiōnis	n.fem	ademption, taking away	AHD/CLD
	adimo, adimere	vb	to take away	AHD
	assumo, assumere	vb	to assume	W7
	consumo, consumere	vb	to absorb, spend entirely	W7
	demo, demere	vb	to take off	W7
	emo, emere	vb	to take, buy	W7
	exemplum	n.neut	example	W7
	eximo, eximere, exemi, exemptus	vb	to exempt, take out	W7
	peremptorius	adj	destructive	W7
	perimo, perimere, peremi, peremptus	vb	to destroy, take entirely	W7
	praemium	n.neut	booty, profit, premium	W7
	praesumo, praesumere	vb	to presume, anticipate	W7
	promo, promere, prompsi, promptus	vb	to bring forth	W7
	promptus	adj	prompt, ready	W7
	redemptio, redemptionis	n.fem	redemption	W7
	redimo, redimere, redemi, redemptus	vb	to redeem	W7
	resumo, resumere	vb	to resume, renew	W7
	sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptus	vb	to spend, take up	W7
	sumptuarius	adj	sumptuary, of spending	W7
	sumptus, sumptūs	n.masc	expense	W7
	vindemia	n.fem	vintage	W7
Late Latin:	peremptorius	adj	peremptory	W7
	praesumo, praesumere	vb	to dare	W7
Medieval Latin:	exemplifico, exemplificare	vb	to exemplify	W7
	praemio, praeemere, praeemi, praeemptus	vb	to buy before	W7
	promptō, promptāre	vb	to prompt, start	W7
New Latin:	subsumo, subsumere	vb	to cover over, take under	W7
Spanish:	pronto	adj	ready	W7
Old French:	rançon	n.fem	ransom	W7
Middle French:	consumer	vb	to consume	W7
	example, essample	n.masc	sample, example	W7
	exemplifier	vb	to exemplify	W7
	présumer	vb	to assume	W7
	prompt	adj	rapid, ready, prompt	W7
	redemption	n.fem	redemption, saving	W7
	redimer	vb	to redeem	W7
	résumer	vb	to make an abstract	W7
	vendenge	n.fem	vintage	W7
French:	impromptu	adv	extemporaneously	W7
	rançon	n	ransom	TLL
	rédemption	n	redemption	TLL
	résumé	n.masc	a summary	W7
	résumer	vb	to resume, summarize	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	im̃ti, ìma, ėmė	vb	to begin, start; take, gather	LRC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	jęti, imǫ, imeši	vb	to take, seize	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
CLD	=	Cassell's Latin Dictionary (1959, rev. 1968)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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