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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: enek̑-, nek̑-, enk̑-, n̥k̑- 'to reach, obtain'

Semantic Fields: to Reach, Arrive; to Get, Obtain

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	ro-icc	vb	to reach	GED
English
Old English:	ful(l)-nēah/ful-nēh	adv	almost, very nearly, lit. full-near	ASD
	ge-neah	adj/n.neut	adequate; abundance, sufficiency	GED/ASD
	genōg/genōh	adj	enough	GED
	nēah/nēh, nēar	adv	nigh, nearer	ASD
	nēah-gebūr/nēh(e)-būr	n.masc	neighbor, lit. nigh-dweller	AHD
Middle English:	ner	adv	nearer	W7
	nigh	adv	nigh	W7
	ynough	adj	enough	W7
English:	enough	adj	sufficient in scope/quality/quantity to satisfy need/demand	AHD/W7
	near	adv/prep	nigh, within; at, close to	W7
	neighbor	n	one living/located nearby	W7
	nigh	adj/adv/prep	near(ly), close to	W7
	oncogenesis	n	tumor formation/development	AHD
	oncology	n	study of tumors	AHD/W7
	pice	n	former monetary unit in India/Pakistan: 1/64 rupee	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	(e)nōch	adj	enough	GED
	nī/nei	adv	nigh	ASD
	nōgia	vb.wk	to be adequate	GED
Dutch:	na	prep/conj	after	TLL
	naar	prep	to, toward	TLL
	nadat	conj	after	TLL
Old Saxon:	ginōg/ginōh	adj	enough	GED
	nāh	adv/prep	nigh	ASD
Old High German:	ganōc/ginuog	adj	enough	GED
	ge-nah	adj	adequate	GED
	gi-nuogan	vb.wk	to be adequate	GED
	nāh	adj/adv/prep	nigh, near, after	W7/ASD
	nāh-gibūr	n	neighbor, lit. nigh-dweller	W7
German:	genug	adj	enough	LRC
	genügen	vb	to be adequate	LRC
	nach	prep	to, along, after	TLL
	nachdem	conj	after	TLL
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	gnógr	adj	enough, plenty	LRC
	ná, náð	vb	to get, obtain	LRC
	ná-, nær, næst	adv	nigh, nearer, nearest	W7/ICE
Old Icelandic:	(g)nōgr	adj	enough	GED
	(g)nœgja	vb.wk	to be adequate	GED
Icelandic:	nær	adv	nearer	ASD
Danish:	naar	conj	when	TLL
Swedish:	när	conj	when	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	*bi-nauhan	vb.ptpr.V	to be allowed/permitted	GED
	*ga-nauhan	vb.ptpr.V	to suffice	GED
	*ga-nohjan	vb.wk.I	to be content	GED
	ga-nōhs	adj	enough	LRC
	nēƕa	prep	nigh, near	LRC
Italic
Latin:	nanciscor, nancisci	vb.dep	to get, attain	GED
Baltic
Lithuanian:	nèšti, nešù	vb	to carry	GED
Latvian:	nākt, nāku, nācu	vb	to come	LRC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	nesti, nesǫ, neseši	vb	to bring	LRC
	nesǫ	vb	to reach, arrive	GED
Hellenic
Greek:	ἐνεγκει̃ν	vb	to carry	GED
	ʼόγκος	n.masc	mass, burden	GED
Anatolian
Hittite:	ninikzi	vb	to lift	GED
Armenian
Classical Armenian:	hasanem	vb	to approach, arrive; reach, obtain	LRC
Iranian
Avestan:	ąšnaoiti	vb	to gain	GED
	nasaiti	vb	to gain	GED
Indic
Sanskrit:	áṁśas	n	part, portion	GED
	aśnóti	vb	to gain	GED
	naṁśas	n	acquisition	GED
	náśati	vb	to gain	GED
Hindi:	paisā	n	pice	W7
Tocharian
Tocharian B:	eṅk-	vb	to hold, seize, carry	GED
Tocharian A:	ents-	vb	to hold, seize, carry	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
I	=	class 1
V	=	class 5
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
conj	=	conjunction
dep	=	deponent
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
prep	=	preposition
ptpr	=	preterite-present (verb)
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
ICE	=	Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson: An Icelandic-English Dictionary (1874)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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