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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 3. er- : or- : r- 'to move, set in motion'

Semantic Field: to Move

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	renn	adj	rapid	GED
	rīan	n	sea	GED
Gaulish:	Rēnos	prop.n	Rhine river	GED
	rēnos	n	river	AHD
	rhynn	adj	fast; alive; agitated	LRC
English
Old English:	ærnan	vb.wk	to cause to run	GED
	a-rǣman	vb.wk	to raise, elevate, lift up	IEW/ASD
	arīsan, arās, arison, arisen	vb.str	to arise	W7/ASD
	arod	adj	quick, swift; ready, prepared	ASD
	earon	vb.anom.3.pl	are	LRC
	eart	vb.anom.2.sg	art	W7
	earu	adj	quick, swift; ready, prepared	IEW
	earun	vb.anom.pl	are	W7
	eorl	n.masc	earl, warrior	LRC
	eorl-scipe/eorl-scype	n.indec.masc	nobility, heroic deeds	ASD
	eornost	n	earnest; duel, battle	GED
	gerennan	vb	to cause to coagulate	W7
	iernan/iornan	vb.str	to run, flow	GED
	irnan, arn, urnon, urnen	vb.str	to run, flow	ASD
	rǣran	n	rear	W7
	rennan	vb	to cause to run	W7
	rinnan, rann, runnon, runnen	vb.str	to run, flow	GED/ASD
	rīsan, rās, rison, risen	vb.str	to rise	W7/ASD
	rīð	n.masc	rill, brook, rivulet	GED
	ryne	n.masc	run, stream	GED
	rynel	n	runnel	W7
Northumbrian:	aron	vb.anom.3.pl	are	AHD
	arrīsa	vb.intrans	to arise	CDC
	art(h)	vb.anom.2.sg	art	CDC
Middle English:	are	vb.anom.pl	are	LRC
	arisen	vb	to arise	W7
	art/ert	vb.anom.2.sg	art	W7/CDC
	deriven	vb	to derive	W7
	erl	n	earl	W7
	ernest	n	earnest	W7
	orient	n	orient	W7
	origine	n	origin	W7
	raisen	vb	to raise	W7
	rennen	vb	to cause to coagulate	W7
	rennet	n	rennet	W7
	reren	vb	to rear	W7
	rinel	n	runnel	W7
	rinnen/ronnen	vb	to run	W7
	risen	vb	to rise	W7
	romen	vb	to roam	W7
English:	abort	vb	to bring forth premature/stillborn offspring	AHD/W7
	are	vb.anom.2.sg	(thou) be	AHD/W7
	are	vb.anom.pl	(we/you/they) be	AHD/W7
	arise, arose, arisen	vb.str.intrans	to rise, get up	AHD/W7
	Arod	prop.n	Legolas' horse in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	art	vb.anom.arch.2.sg	(thou) are	AHD/W7
	derive	vb	to take/receive, esp. from specified source	AHD/W7
	Dimrill	prop.n	high pass in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	earl	n	nobleman	LRC
	earnest	n	intent/serious mental state	AHD/W7
	Eorl	prop.n	1st Rohan king in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Eorlingas	prop.n	a.k.a. Rohirrim in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Gilrain	prop.n	Gondor river in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	hormogonium	n	portion of cyanobacterium filament	AHD
	hormone	n	biological product circulating in sap/body fluid stimulating cell activity	AHD/W7
	orient	n	the east, eastern lands/regions	AHD/W7
	orient	vb.trans	to cause to face/point east	AHD/W7
	oriental	adj	eastern, re: orient	W7
	origin	n	parentage, ancestry	AHD/W7
	original	adj	first, preceding all others	AHD
	raise	vb	to cause/help to rise to upright position	AHD/W7
	rear	vb	to construct, erect by building	AHD/W7
	rennet	n	stomach contents of unweaned animal	AHD/W7
	Rhine	prop.n	major European transportation river	LRC
	rill	n	very small brook	AHD/W7
	rill	n	channel made by small stream	AHD/W7
	rise, rose, risen	vb.str.intrans	to assume upright position	AHD/W7
	rival	n	one striving to reach/obtain something that only one can possess	AHD/W7
	rivulet	n	brook, small stream	AHD/W7
	roam	vb	to wander, go without direction	IEW/W7
	run, ran, run	vb.str	to move on foot faster than walking speed	AHD/W7
	run	n	creek, stream	GED
	runnel	n	streamlet, rivulet	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	blōd-rene	n	run, course	ASD
	renna	vb.wk	to cause to run	GED
	rinna	vb.str	to run, flow	GED
	rīsa	vb	to rise	ASD
	run	n.masc	run, stream	GED
Frisian:	ril	n	rill	OED
Dutch:	Rijn	prop.n	Rhine river	LRC
	ril	n	rill	W7
Old Saxon:	erl	n.masc	earl, man, male offspring	ASD
	rennian	vb.wk	to cause to run	GED
	rīð	n.masc	brook	GED
	rinnan	vb.str	to run, flow	GED
	rīsan	vb	to rise	ASD
Low German:	rille	n	rill	W7
Old High German:	ar-rīsan	vb.intrans	to arise	CDC
	ernust	n.str	earnest, firmness	GED
	ir-rīsan	vb.intrans	to arise	CDC
	rennan	vb.wk	to cause to run	GED
	rinnan	vb.str	to run, flow	GED
	rīsan	vb	to rise	W7
	rōr(a)	n	reed, cane	KDW
	run	n.masc	run, stream	GED
	ur-rīsan	vb.intrans	to arise	CDC
Middle High German:	ernest	n.str.masc	earnest; battle	GED
German:	Ernst	n.masc	earnest	LRC
	rennen	vb	to run	LRC
	Rhein	prop.n	Rhine river	LRC
	Rille	n.fem	rill	W7
	rinnen	vb	to flow, run	LRC
	Rohr	n.neut	reed, cane, pipe, tube, duct	LRC
	Röhre	n.fem	pipe; canal, channel, conduit	TLL
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	ert	vb.pres.2.sg	thou art	W7
	eru	vb.pres.3.pl	they are	W7
	erum	vb.pres.1.pl	we are	W7
	jarl	n.masc	earl, free-born man, gentleman	LRC
	reisa(t)	vb	to raise, set up	LRC
	renna	vb.wk	to cause to run	LRC
	reyrr	n	reed	LRC
	rinna	vb.str	to run	LRC
	ördugr/örðigr	adj	quick, swift; ready, prepared	ASD
Old Icelandic:	ern	adj	able, energetic	GED
	rinna	vb.str	to run, flow	GED
	runi	n.masc	run, stream	GED
Icelandic:	earl/jarl	n.masc	earl, chief, warrior, gentleman	ASD
	renna/rinna	vb	to run, flow	ASD
	rīsa	vb	to rise	ASD
	runi	n	flux, stream	ASD
Danish:	er	vb.anom	am/are/is, are	TLL
	rør	n	pipe	TLL
Swedish:	rör	n	pipe	TLL
	är	vb.anom.sg	am, are, is	TLL
	äro	vb.anom.pl	are	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	*and-rinnan	vb.str.V	to debate, dispute, discuss	GED
	arniba	adv	certain	GED
	*at-rinnan	vb.str.V	to run, come up	GED
	*bi-rinnan	vb.str.V	to surround, gather round	GED
	*du-rinnan	vb.str.V	to approach, run up	GED
	*fair-rinnan	vb.str.V	to reach, extend to	GED
	*faur-rinnan	vb.str.V	to precede, go before	GED
	garuns	n.str.fem	street	LRC
	raus	n	reed, stalk	KGW
	*rinnan	vb.str.V	to run, walk, go	GED
	runs	n	run, course	ASD
	urreisan	vb.str.I	to arise	LRC
	urrinnan	vb.str.III	to rise, come from, go forth	LRC
Italic
Latin:	aborior, aborīrī, abortus	vb	to perish by untimely birth, disappear	W7
	aborto, abortāre	vb	to miscarry	W7
	derivo, derivāre	vb	to float away	W7
	exorior, exorīrī, exortus	vb.dep	to arise, appear	LRC
	oriens, orientis	vb.pres.ptc	rising	W7
	origo, originis	n.fem	rising, beginning	W7
	orior, orīri	vb.dep	to rise, get up, be born	W7
	rivalis	adj	of a stream	W7
	rivulus	n.masc	small stream	W7
	rīvus	n.masc	brook, stream	W7
Middle French:	dériver	vb	to derive, be washed away	W7
	orient	n.masc	the East	W7
	orienter	vb	to orient, guide	W7
	origine	n.fem	origin, beginning	W7
	rival	adj	rival	W7
French:	orienter	vb	to orient, guide	W7
Italian:	rivoletto	n.masc	rivulet	W7
	rivolo	n.masc	rivulet, brook	W7
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	ratь	n	battle	GED
	rinǫti	vb	to thrust	GED
	rěka	n.fem	river	LRC
Russian:	ronítь	vb	to let fall	GED
Albanian
Albanian:	jerm	n	delirium	GED
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	ʼόρνῡμι	vb	to move, awake, arise, arouse	LRC
Greek:	ἀνατέλλειν	vb	to make (the sun) rise	GED
	ἀπέρχομαι	vb	to go back	LRC
	εἰσέρχομαι	vb	to enter	LRC
	ἐξέρχομαι	vb.dep	to come out	LRC
	ἐρίζω	vb	to quarrel	LRC
	ʼέρις	n.fem	strife	LRC
	ʼέρχομαι	vb	to come, go	LRC
	ὀρίνω	vb	to stir	GED
	hormē	n.fem	impulse, assault	W7
	hormōn	vb.ptc	assaulting	W7
	ʼόρνυμαι	vb	to begin	GED
	προσέρχομαι	vb	to come to	LRC
	συνέρχομαι	vb.dep	to unite, come together	LRC
Anatolian
Hittite:	ar-ai-/ar-iya-	vb	to rise, raise, rouse	LRC
	ar-i	vb	to arrive	LRC
	ar-nu-mi	vb	to bring, set in motion	LRC
Armenian
Classical Armenian:	ordi	n	son	LRC
Armenian:	ari	vb	to arise, get up	LRC
	yarnem	vb	to rise, get up	GED
Iranian
Avestan:	ar-	vb	to move, reach, raise	LRC
Indic
Sanskrit:	ara	adj	quick	ASD
	iyarti	vb	to set in motion	GED
	irya	adj	agile, energetic	GED
	r̥ṇóti	vb	to stir, move, arise	LRC
	r̥ṇváti	vb	to move, arise	GED
	r̥ti-	n	attack, battle	GED
	rayas	n	flood	GED
	ríṇvati	vb	to cause to flow	GED
	rināti	vb	to cause to flow	GED
	rī́yate	vb	to begin to flow	GED
Tocharian
Tocharian B:	er-	vb	to cease, abandon, come to an end	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
1	=	1st person
2	=	2nd person
3	=	3rd person
I	=	class 1
III	=	class 3
V	=	class 5
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
anom	=	anomalous/indeclinable
arch	=	archaic
dep	=	deponent
fem	=	feminine (gender)
indec	=	indeclinable/anomalous
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pl	=	plural (number)
pres	=	present (tense)
prop	=	proper
ptc	=	participle
sg	=	singular (number)
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
KDW	=	Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993)
KGW	=	Gerhard Köbler: Gotisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (1989)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
OED	=	James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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