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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 1. erə-, rē-, er(e)- 'to row; oar'

Semantic Fields: to Row; Oar

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	rōðer	n.neut	rudder	W7/ASD
	rōwan	vb.str	to row	W7/ASD
Middle English:	rother	n	rudder	W7
	rowen	vb	to row	W7
English:	bireme	n	galley with 2 oar banks	AHD/W7
	remex	n	bird's primary/secondary quill feather	AHD/W7
	row	vb	to propel boat via oars	AHD/W7
	rudder	n	boat steering mechanism: flat wood/metal piece attached upright to stern	AHD/W7
	trierarch	n	trireme commander	AHD/W7
	trireme	n	galley with 3 oar banks	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Dutch:	roer	n	rudder	TLL
Old High German:	ruodar	n	oar, rudder	ASD
Middle High German:	rüejen	vb	to row	W7
German:	Ruder	n.neut	rudder	LRC
	rudern	vb	to row	LRC
N-Germanic
Icelandic:	róa	vb	to row	ASD
Danish:	ror	n	rudder	TLL
Swedish:	roder	n	rudder	TLL
Italic
Latin:	biremis	adj	with two oars	W7
	remex, remigis	n.masc	oarsman	W7
	rēmus	n.masc	oar	W7
	trierarchus	n.masc	trierarch	W7
	triremis	adj	trireme	W7
Hellenic
Greek:	triērarchos	n.masc	trierarch	W7
	triērēs	n.fem	trireme	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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